Forces and Newton

Study Notes

A force is a push or pull that causes an object to change its motion or shape
Types of forces:
- Contact forces: occur when two objects are in physical contact (e.g. friction, normal force)
- Non-contact forces: occur when objects are not in physical contact (e.g. gravity, magnetic force)
Characteristics of forces:
- Magnitude (amount of force)
- Direction (direction in which the force is applied)
- Point of application (where the force is applied)

Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727): English physicist and mathematician
Newton's Laws of Motion:
1. First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move with a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force
2. Second Law (F = ma): The force applied to an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration
3. Third Law (Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation:
- Every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force acting along the line intersecting both points
- The force of gravity is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

The solar system consists of eight planets: Mercury, Mars, Venus, Earth, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter
Characteristics of planets:
- They are large, rocky or gaseous bodies that orbit around the sun
- They have their own unique features, such as moons, rings, and atmospheres
Types of planets:
- Terrestrial planets: small, rocky planets with a solid surface (e.g. Earth, Mars)
- Jovian planets: large, gaseous planets with a massive atmosphere (e.g. Jupiter, Saturn)
- Ice giants: large, icy planets with a cold atmosphere (e.g. Neptune, Uranus)

A force is a push or pull that causes an object to change its motion or shape
Contact forces occur when two objects are in physical contact, such as friction and normal force
Non-contact forces occur when objects are not in physical contact, such as gravity and magnetic force
Forces have three characteristics: magnitude, direction, and point of application

Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician who lived from 1643 to 1727
Newton's First Law of Motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move with a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force
Newton's Second Law of Motion states that the force applied to an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma)
Newton's Third Law of Motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation states that every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force acting along the line intersecting both points
The force of gravity is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

The solar system consists of eight planets: Mercury, Mars, Venus, Earth, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter
Planets are large, rocky or gaseous bodies that orbit around the sun
Planets have their own unique features, such as moons, rings, and atmospheres
Terrestrial planets are small, rocky planets with a solid surface, such as Earth and Mars
Jovian planets are large, gaseous planets with a massive atmosphere, such as Jupiter and Saturn
Ice giants are large, icy planets with a cold atmosphere, such as Neptune and Uranus

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