Forces and Motion

Study Notes

A push or pull that can cause an object to change its motion or shape
Measured in Newtons (N)
Types of forces:
- Contact forces: friction, tension, normal force
- Non-contact forces: gravity, electromagnetic, electrostatic

The change in position of an object over time
Types of motion:
- Translational motion: movement from one place to another
- Rotational motion: movement around a fixed axis
- Vibrational motion: back-and-forth motion
- Oscillatory motion: repeated back-and-forth motion
Described by the following characteristics:
- Displacement: change in position
- Velocity: rate of change of displacement
- Acceleration: rate of change of velocity

The rate of change of distance traveled by an object
Measured in meters per second (m/s)
Types of speed:
- Average speed: total distance traveled divided by time
- Instantaneous speed: speed at a specific moment

The length of the path traveled by an object
Measured in meters (m)
Types of distance:
- Linear distance: straight-line distance
- Circular distance: distance traveled along a circle

The force exerted per unit area on an object
Measured in Pascals (Pa)
Calculated using the formula: Pressure = Force / Area
Types of pressure:
- Atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by the air in the atmosphere
- Hydrostatic pressure: pressure exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas)

Defined as a push or pull that can cause an object to change its motion or shape
Measured in units of Newtons (N)
Classified into two categories:
- Contact forces: friction, tension, and normal force, which occur when objects are physically in contact
- Non-contact forces: gravity, electromagnetic, and electrostatic forces, which can act over a distance

Described as the change in position of an object over time
Classified into four types:
- Translational motion: movement from one place to another, involving a change in position
- Rotational motion: movement around a fixed axis, such as a wheel rotating
- Vibrational motion: back-and-forth motion, typically in a fixed direction
- Oscillatory motion: repeated back-and-forth motion, such as a pendulum
Characterized by three key aspects:
- Displacement: the change in position of an object
- Velocity: the rate of change of displacement, measured in meters per second (m/s)
- Acceleration: the rate of change of velocity, measured in meters per second squared (m/s²)

Defined as the rate of change of distance traveled by an object
Measured in units of meters per second (m/s)
Classified into two types:
- Average speed: the total distance traveled divided by the time taken
- Instantaneous speed: the speed of an object at a specific moment in time

Defined as the length of the path traveled by an object
Measured in units of meters (m)
Classified into two types:
- Linear distance: the straight-line distance between two points
- Circular distance: the distance traveled along a circular path

Defined as the force exerted per unit area on an object
Measured in units of Pascals (Pa)
Calculated using the formula: Pressure = Force / Area
Classified into two types:
- Atmospheric pressure: the pressure exerted by the air in the atmosphere
- Hydrostatic pressure: the pressure exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas)

Chemical properties describe the ability of matter to undergo chemical reactions or transformations.

Chemical properties are characteristics of a substance that describe its ability to react with other substances to form new compounds.

Flammability is the ability of a substance to burn in the presence of oxygen.
Reactivity is the ability of a substance to react with other substances to form new compounds.
Acid-base properties describe the ability of a substance to act as an acid or a base.
Oxidation state is the number of electrons an atom has gained or lost to form a bond.

Atomic structure influences chemical properties, as the arrangement of electrons in an atom's outermost energy level affects its reactivity.
Chemical bonding affects chemical properties, as the type of bonds formed between atoms impacts the substance's behavior.
Molecular structure influences chemical properties, as the arrangement of atoms in a molecule affects its reactivity.

Understanding chemical properties helps predict the outcome of chemical reactions.
Chemical properties can be used to identify unknown substances.
Knowing chemical properties is essential for designing new materials with specific properties.