30 Questions
What is the main function of lysosomes in the context of phagocytosis?
Digest the pathogen by providing enzymes
What is the role of monocytes in the immune response?
Differentiate into macrophages
How do macrophages destroy pathogens during phagocytosis?
Fuse with lysosomes to encapsulate pathogens
Which immune cells are recruited and activated by cytokines?
Macrophages and neutrophils
What is the main function of cytokines in the immune response?
Sound the alarm of infection in the local area
What happens if invading pathogens are too great for macrophages to handle alone?
Release cytokines to recruit more immune cells
What is the meaning of the term 'autoclave' derived from?
Automatic and locking
What is the primary purpose of the steam created within the autoclave?
To thoroughly sterilize hollow instruments and small vents
At what stage of the autoclave sterilization process does the temperature and pressure rapidly rise to the desired values?
Sterilization phase
What is the purpose of the exhaust phase in the autoclave sterilization process?
To release pressure from the chamber
Why must the autoclave cycles be manually set by a technician?
To produce the safest and most optimal sterilization parameters for the given load
What is the relationship between temperature and pressure in an autoclave?
When autoclave temperature increases, its pressure also increases
What type of toxins can Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium botulinum produce?
Heat-resistant toxins
What is the optimal growth temperature range for most pathogens?
20°C to 45°C
Which bacterium is known as the 'FRIED RICE BACILLUS'?
Bacillus cereus
What causes the emetic syndrome associated with Bacillus cereus?
Thermostable toxin produced during the growth phase
Which syndrome is characterized by primarily nausea and vomiting after 1-5 hours of incubation?
Emetic syndrome
In which types of foods can Bacillus cereus emetic food poisoning occur?
Fried rice and cooked pasta
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes yeasts from filaments?
Yeasts are oval-shaped while filaments are elongated
Under what conditions can Candida, a normal flora of the GI tract and skin, cause infections?
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of Candida overgrowth?
Respiratory candidiasis (coughing and shortness of breath)
What is the first step in the initial immune response when a pathogen breaks through the physical and chemical barriers?
Macrophages recognize the pathogen and activate the innate immune system
What is the role of dendritic cells in the initial immune response?
They pick up antigens from the pathogen and present them to T and B cells
Which of the following statements about the initial immune response is correct?
It involves both the innate and adaptive immune systems
What is a significant health risk associated with Cronobacter sakazakii infections?
Meningitis in infants
Which of the following is NOT a potential source of Cronobacter sakazakii contamination?
Freshly prepared home-cooked meals
Which characteristic of Escherichia coli is correctly described?
It is a facultative anaerobe
How can Escherichia coli contaminate agricultural crops?
By using manure as fertilizer
Which statement about pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli is accurate?
They are a major public health concern
How can animal products become contaminated with Escherichia coli?
During the slaughter and processing of animals
Test your knowledge on foodborne pathogens including Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum, Listeria monocytogenes, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Learn about their characteristics and heat-resistant toxins.
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