Food Preservation Methods and Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What is food preservation?

Processing food to delay and minimize spoilage.

Which of these are causes of food spoilage?

  • Microbes
  • Enzymatic reactions
  • Oxidation
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What factors favor food spoilage?

  • Moisture
  • Temperature
  • Acidity
  • Exposure to oxygen
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which of these is a pre-industrial food preservation technique?

    <p>Drying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these industrial food preservation techniques relies on heat treatment?

    <p>Canning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dehydration in terms of food preservation?

    <p>Removal of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sugar impact microbial growth?

    <p>Sugar reduces moisture available for microbial life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of canning as a food preservation method?

    <p>Canning places food in airtight containers and sterilizes it with high heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cold storage affect food spoilage?

    <p>Cold preserves food by slowing down microbial growth and enzymatic actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between freezing and pasteurization?

    <p>Freezing does not kill most microbes; it only inhibits their growth and slows down enzyme action, while pasteurization uses heat treatment to kill microbes and deactivate enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of irradiation as a food preservation method?

    <p>Irradiation damages food cells and proteins, leading to severe losses of vitamins and alterations of texture and taste, and it also creates harmful substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cooking alter the nutritional quality of food?

    <p>Cooking changes the nutritional quality of food by making more calories available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of food preservation?

    <p>Food preservation is a process used to delay and minimize spoilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are considered main food spoilage factors?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are considered 'Favour Spoilage Variables?'

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does food preservation relate to 'Favour Spoilage Variables?'

    <p>Food preservation controls the variables that favor spoilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fermentation?

    <p>An anaerobic metabolic process occurring in bacteria, yeasts, and oxygen-deprived muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are the three main types of fermentation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common understanding of fermentation in relation to food and beverages?

    <p>The common usage of fermentation refers to the desirable transformation of foods and drinks by beneficial action of microbes, whereas &quot;scientific&quot; refers to anaerobic metabolic processes only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lactic acid bacteria in food production?

    <p>Lactic acid bacteria transform lactose into lactic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main nutrients by weight found in milk?

    <p>Water and carbohydrates are the two main nutrients by weight in milk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Curdling and fermentation are the same process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cheese is an unprocessed food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is commonly used for alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most used microorganism for alcoholic fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the unique character of wine?

    <p>Terroir, steeping of grape skins, and ageing in casks contribute to the distinctive character of wine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the difference between lager and ale?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes sourdough bread distinct from non-sourdough bread?

    <p>Sourdough bread uses a starter containing &quot;wild yeasts&quot; that contributes to its unique flavor and texture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sustainability?

    <p>Sustainability is the ability to satisfy our present needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to satisfy their needs and satisfy future needs without compromising the ability of present needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of sustainability?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is arable land?

    <p>Arable land refers to land suitable for agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of soil?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is soil formed?

    <p>Rock weathering and biological activity are the processes through which soil is formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do current land use and management practices threaten sustainability?

    <p>Current land use and management practices are jeopardizing the ability of future generations to satisfy their needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants can directly use nitrogen from the air.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nitrogen fixation?

    <p>Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into compounds usable by plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are main categories of pesticides?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem associated with DDT insecticide?

    <p>According to Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, bioaccumulation of DDT in songbirds was the problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an oligopoly?

    <p>An oligopoly is a market system in which a few producers control a significant share of the product market.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do oligopolies form?

    <p>Oligopolies form through horizontal and vertical integrations of industries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is horizontal integration?

    <p>Horizontal integration occurs when a company buys out, merges with, or drives out competitors to gain control of a larger market share in one segment of the supply chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vertical integration?

    <p>Vertical integration happens when a single company gains control of multiple segments of a supply chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of industrial agriculture?

    <p>Industrial agriculture leads to high yield in a small number of crops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a food supply chain?

    <p>Food supply chain is the sequence of steps involved in producing, processing, and moving foodstuff, transforming raw materials into a final product ready for consumers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a food system?

    <p>Food system is an interconnected set of factors, forces, and relations determining what and how a population eats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an oligopoly in the food system?

    <p>An oligopoly is a market where a small number of sellers control the majority of the market share.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The current global food system is not an oligopoly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do oligopolies form in the food system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is horizontal integration in business terms?

    <p>Horizontal integration is a business strategy where a company expands its operations within the same level of the supply chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A food is either natural or processed; it cannot be both.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most foods are not processed in some way.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pectin is a food additive according to Health Canada.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aspartame is a food additive according to Health Canada.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is enrichment in terms of food?

    <p>Enrichment is a type of fortification aiming to restore micronutrients that were lost during processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fortification in food terms?

    <p>Fortification is the addition of micronutrients or fiber to commercial foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of fortification?

    <p>Calcium added to orange juice is an example of fortification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much free sugar is approximately contained in one can of Coca-Cola?

    <p>Approximately 150% free sugars are contained in one can of Coca-Cola.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical figure is credited with inventing carbonated water?

    <p>Joseph Priestly, an English chemist and clergyman, is credited with inventing carbonated water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase in the number of food retailers has been a factor driving the industrialization of the food system over the last 100 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About 33% of the food globally is lost or wasted.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a species?

    <p>Species are categories of organisms that can naturally breed with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did farmers begin using selective breeding or artificial selection?

    <p>Farmers began using selective breeding or artificial selection approximately 20,000 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an intraspecific hybrid?

    <p>A labradoodle is an example of an intraspecific hybrid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is straight breeding?

    <p>Straight breeding is the mating of individuals from the same breed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cross-breeding?

    <p>Cross-breeding involves the mating of individuals from different breeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gregor Mendel aim to study?

    <p>Gregor Mendel aimed to study the general laws of biological heredity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gregor Mendel observe in the first generation of hybrid pea plants?

    <p>In the first generation of hybrids, Gregor Mendel found that all the offspring displayed the characteristics of only one parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gregor Mendel observe in the second generation of hybrid pea plants?

    <p>Mendel observed that in the second generation (F2), 75% of the offspring displayed the characteristics of one parent and 25% displayed the characteristics of the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mendel conclude from his experiments about the mechanism of plant hybridization?

    <p>Mendel concluded that heredity characters are carried by pairs of elements that exist in two variations, which are transmitted separately to the offspring and combine randomly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key idea of classical genetics?

    <p>Hereditary traits are transmitted from parents to offspring as individual, independent units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of agricultural applications of classical genetics in Canada?

    <p>Examples include Marquis wheat, rust-resistant Marquis wheat, and canola.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA distinguish one organism from another?

    <p>DNA distinguishes organisms through their unique genetic code, which is inscribed in its sequence of bases and is distinct for each organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gene cloning?

    <p>Gene cloning creates a genetic copy of the donor, while gene transfer only incorporates a single gene into a new organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a transgenic organism?

    <p>A transgenic organism is one that has had a single gene transferred into it through recombinant DNA, while a hybrid is a combination of two different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an early example of gene splicing?

    <p>An early example of gene splicing is the production of insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do politics shape the food system?

    <p>Politics play a crucial role in shaping the food system by providing infrastructure, supporting scientific research, and regulating trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organization is tasked with food governance in Canada?

    <p>Health Canada is responsible for food governance in Canada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Food Preservation

    • Food preservation is the process of delaying and minimizing spoilage in food.
    • Causes of spoilage include microbes, enzymatic reactions, and oxidation.
    • Factors that favour spoilage include moisture, temperature, acidity, and exposure to oxygen.

    Food Preservation Methods (Pre-industrial)

    • Drying
    • Smoking
    • Salting
    • Sugaring
    • Picking
    • Canning
    • Cooking

    Food Preservation Methods (Industrial)

    • Refrigeration
    • Freezing
    • Pasteurization
    • Irradiation
    • Preserving additives
    • Vacuum packaging
    • Dehydration (removal of water)

    Industrial Drying Methods

    • Tunnel drying
    • Drum drying
    • Spray drying

    Other Concepts

    • Sugar reduces moisture available for microbial life.
    • Canning involves placing food in airtight containers and sterilizing with high heat.
    • Cold preservation slows microbial growth and enzymatic reactions.
    • Freezing inhibits microbial growth and slows down enzyme action.
    • Pasteurization kills microbes and deactivates enzymes while minimizing flavour changes.
    • Irradiation exposes food to ionizing radiation, damaging cells and proteins, leading to losses in vitamins and potential harm.
    • Temperature is a measure of the hotness or coldness of a body.
    • Heat is energy transferred from a hot to a cold body.
    • Convection is the movement of fluids, conduction involves direct contact, and radiation involves electromagnetic waves.
    • Kinetic energy of molecules increases when heat transfers to the food.

    Fermentation

    • Fermentation is an anaerobic metabolic process occurring in bacteria, yeasts, and oxygen-deprived muscle cells.
    • Types of fermentation include alcoholic, acetic, and lactic acid fermentation.
    • Lactic acid bacteria transform lactose into lactic acid.
    • Water and carbohydrates are the two main nutrients in the majority of food sources.
    • Curdling and fermentation are different processes.

    Sustainability

    • Sustainability is the ability to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations.
    • Types of Sustainability: environmental, economic, social.

    Soil

    • Soil is composed of 45% mineral, 5% organic, 25% water, and 25% air.
    • Rock weathering and biological activity form soil.

    Food Security

    • Food security is a human right.
    • Nunavut has a high rate of food insecurity.
    • Bread, pasta, and cereals are staples recommended in the USDA food pyramid.
    • The 2019 food guide recommends limiting highly processed foods.
    • The current food system is unsustainable.
    • Water vapour, methane, and nitrous oxide are greenhouse gases.
    • The movement of carbon from the geological to the atmospheric compartment increases the absorption of carbon in the oceans.

    Food Labels

    • Ingredient lists, nutrition facts tables, and origin must be present on food labels in Canada.
    • Kilocalories per serving must be on the nutrition facts table.
    • Protecting the environment is the original goal of organic farming.
    • Organic food standards regulate the organic food market.

    Scientific Research

    • Limitations of scientific research in nutrition include the many factors affecting human nutrition and the complexities of experiments.
    • Intervention studies isolate independent variables to test cause-effect hypotheses, while observational studies are used to observe factors that are not modifiable.
    • Randomized controlled trials are a type of intervention study.
    • Small sample size, short duration, and experimenter bias are limitations of observational studies.

    Nutritional Claims

    • Lipid hypothesis: high carb diets are less healthy than high fat diets; high glycemic index foods lead to diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions.
    • Muscle fat is denser than fat, so taller people may have a lower BMI than shorter people, which can be a challenge when assessing ideal weight.

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    Food Preservation Methods PDF

    Description

    Explore the various methods of food preservation, both pre-industrial and industrial. This quiz covers essential techniques such as drying, canning, and refrigeration, along with the science behind spoilage. Test your knowledge on how food preservation affects microbial life and overall food quality.

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