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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of salivary amylase?
What is the term for the process of swallowing?
What is the primary function of gastric juices in the stomach?
What is the term for the contractions of the muscle walls that move food through the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is the function of pepsinogen?
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What is the term for the semi-liquid mixture of food and digestive enzymes in the stomach?
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What is the name of the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of milk and milk products in infants?
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What is the term for the muscular ring that separates the stomach from the small intestine?
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What is the primary function of the brush border enzymes in the small intestine?
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What is the effect of the alkaline pH of pancreatic juice in the small intestine?
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What is the function of the hormone CCK in the small intestine?
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What is the primary function of the large intestine?
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What is produced by bacteria in the large intestine?
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What is the end result of the digestive process in the small intestine?
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What happens to the majority of the water produced in the digestive process?
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What happens to the food residue as it moves into the large intestine?
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What is the primary purpose of bathing a patient?
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What is the equipment needed to perform perineal care to a patient?
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What is the rationale for assessing the colour and temperature of toes, feet, and fingers during nail and foot care?
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What is the purpose of lightly brushing over the surface and sides of the tongue during oral hygiene?
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What is the equipment needed to perform nail care?
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What is the primary benefit of perineal care?
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What is the purpose of oral hygiene care?
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What is the equipment needed to perform bathing a patient?
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Study Notes
Food Ingestion and Breakdown
- Food breakdown begins with chewing, which breaks food into smaller particles, initiating mechanical digestion.
- Chewing food mixes with saliva and an enzyme called salivary amylase, which begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates, specifically starches.
- Deglutition (swallowing) has two phases: esophageal and pharyngeal.
- Peristalsis, or contractions of the muscle walls, moves food along the gastrointestinal tract and into the esophagus.
Food Breakdown in the Stomach
- Virtually no absorption occurs through the stomach walls.
- Gastric juices are secreted in response to the sight, smell, and taste of food.
- Gastric juices stimulate stomach cells to release gastrin, which activates the enzyme pepsin, mucous, and hydrochloric acid.
- The high acidic environment in the stomach activates pepsinogens to become pepsin.
- Rennin, produced in infants, breaks down milk and milk products.
- The stomach churns and mixes food, creating a semi-liquid called chyme, which is forced towards the pyloric sphincter.
Activities of the Small Intestine
- By the time food reaches the small intestine, proteins and starches are partially digested.
- The digestion of carbohydrates has not begun, but chemical processes are starting.
- Brush border enzymes complete protein digestion and break down sugars to their mono/simple state.
- Pancreatic juice contains many enzymes, including lipases, that break down fats and partially digest proteins.
- The alkaline pH of pancreatic juice changes the acidic chyme, creating an optimal environment for enzymes in the small intestine.
- Secretin and CCK (Cholecystokinin) hormones stimulate the release of pancreatic juice from the pancreas.
- CCK entices the gallbladder to contract, releasing stored bile into the bile duct.
Activities of the Large Intestine
- No digestive enzymes enter the large intestine.
- Vitamin K and B group vitamins are manufactured in the large intestine by bacteria.
- The absorption of water aids the process, and only a small amount is excreted from the body in the faeces.
- The final products leaving the digestive system include food materials, such as indigestible fibre and bacteria.
- Contractions force the contents of the large intestine towards the rectum.
Hygiene Care Essentials
- Bathing a patient requires towels, bath blanket, wash basin, soap, face cloths, and deodorant to promote cleanliness, remove dirt and bacteria, and enhance blood circulation.
- Perineal care necessitates gloves, bath blanket, paper towels, wash cloths, bed protector, towels, soap, wash basin, clean clothes, and clean linen to prevent infection, odors, and irritation.
- Nail and foot care requires a wash basin, warm water, soap, lotion, two washcloths, one towel, a barrier, gloves, a manicure stick, an emery board, a nail clipper, and a linen bag or hamper to facilitate early recognition of skin changes and prevent pressure damage and skin tears.
- Oral hygiene care involves using gloves, toothbrush, toothpaste, emesis/oral basin, cup of water, clothing protector (towel), barrier (paper towel), and linen bag or hamper to maintain good oral cavity hygiene and prevent severe effects on oral functions.
Rationale for Hygiene Care
- Washing a patient's eyes with plain warm water helps to maintain cleanliness and promote a sense of normalcy.
- Assessing the color and temperature of toes, feet, and fingers during nail and foot care enables early detection of skin changes and intervention to prevent pressure damage and skin tears.
- Lightly brushing over the surface and sides of the tongue during oral hygiene care is essential to maintain good oral cavity hygiene and prevent severe effects on oral functions.
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Description
Learn about the process of food ingestion, breakdown, and digestion, including mechanical and chemical digestion, and the role of enzymes like salivary amylase.
