FMGE Dec 2017: Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)

• Specific SERMs were not listed, requiring further information to provide an answer. A list of potential candidates would enable a definitive response.

Urinary Stones and pH Sensitivity

• The question lacks specifics on the types of urinary stones presented, rendering a precise answer impossible. Different stone compositions have varying pH sensitivities.

Selective Androgen Receptor Antagonists

• Similar to the SERM question, no specific drugs were provided. A list of potential drugs is needed for accurate identification.

Struvite Stone Formation

• The primary cause of struvite stones is infection with urease-producing bacteria. Urease hydrolyzes urea, leading to an alkaline urine pH which promotes struvite precipitation.

Xanthine Oxidase Deficiency and Stones

• Xanthine oxidase deficiency causes uric acid stones, or more accurately, xanthine stones which are less common. This is because xanthine oxidase is involved in the metabolism of purines to uric acid, a deficiency results in xanthine accumulation leading to xanthine stone formation.