Questions and Answers
What role do cattle play in the transmission of the FMD virus?
Cattle are important maintenance hosts for the FMD virus.
How does the susceptibility to FMD vary among different livestock species?
Crossbred and exotic animals are at greater risk, while buffalo show more resistance compared to cattle.
What is the morbidity rate of FMD in susceptible populations?
The morbidity rate is 100% in susceptible populations.
What are the primary clinical symptoms of FMD observed in adult bovine species?
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What supportive measures can aid in the recovery of FMD-affected animals?
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Describe the typical outcomes for young animals suffering from FMD.
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What are the two primary control measures for FMD as per global programs?
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What is the significance of airborne transmission in the spread of FMD?
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What are the primary serotypes of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) prevalent in Europe and South America?
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What are the implications of Foot and Mouth Disease on livestock production?
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Why is managing Foot and Mouth Disease considered challenging?
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Describe the vaccination recommendations for controlling FMD.
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What type of virus causes Foot and Mouth Disease, and what is its family?
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What environmental factors allow the FMD virus to persist, and for how long?
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Which disinfectants are effective against the FMD virus?
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Which animals are considered susceptible to Foot and Mouth Disease?
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Study Notes
Overview of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
- Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting ruminants and pigs, characterized by fever and vesicular lesions on mucosal surfaces.
- The disease significantly impacts livestock production and leads to restrictions on animal movement.
Causative Agent
- FMD is caused by an RNA virus from the genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae.
- Seven established serotypes: O, A, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia1; with over 60 identified subtypes.
- Common serotypes in Europe and South America include O, A, C; while SAT types are prevalent in Africa and Asia-1 in specific Asian countries like Pakistan and Thailand.
Effects of Infection
- Leads to reduced milk production and potential abortion in lactating animals.
- Decreases working abilities in draught animals and can result in death in younger animals.
- High treatment costs and increased morbidity, especially in exotic and crossbred cattle, necessitate early intervention.
Vaccination and Control Measures
- Vaccination is recommended every six months as part of national control programs.
- Management becomes complicated due to the variety of virus subtypes.
- In regions such as Yemen, no formal recommendations are provided.
Host Susceptibility
- All domestic cloven-hoofed animals (cattle, buffalo, pigs, sheep, goats) are susceptible; some wild species are also at risk.
- Cattle are key maintenance hosts, while pigs serve as amplifier hosts that enhance virus spread.
- Crossbred and exotic breeds exhibit heightened susceptibility compared to local breeds.
Transmission Dynamics
- The virus is shed in all bodily secretions and excretions, often prior to visible clinical signs.
- Peaks in virus shedding coincide with the rupture of mouth vesicles, with potential airborne transmission under suitable conditions.
Pathogenesis and Symptoms
- FMD has a 100% morbidity rate in susceptible groups; clinical manifestations include lesions on the mouth and feet.
- Severity is influenced by factors such as age, species, virus type, and the immune status of the animal.
- Symptoms in adults include fever, vesicle formation, significant milk production drop, and potential secondary infections.
Treatment Protocol
- No specific antiviral treatment exists; management focuses on symptomatic care.
- Typical supportive therapies include the use of antiseptics, anti-inflammatories, nutritional support, and vitamins A, E, and C to facilitate recovery.
- Recovery in most cases occurs within 15 days, but young animals have higher mortality risk due to complications like myocarditis.
Global Control Strategies
- Effective FMD control necessitates either eradication efforts or vaccination protocols.
- Legislative measures in many regions prioritize vaccination and movement restrictions to manage outbreaks.
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Description
This quiz delves into Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) and its impact on livestock, focusing on various serotypes and geographical prevalence. Learn about the consequences of the disease, including decreased milk production and reproductive issues in affected animals.