FMDV: Foot and Mouth Disease Overview

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Questions and Answers

What role do cattle play in the transmission of the FMD virus?

Cattle are important maintenance hosts for the FMD virus.

How does the susceptibility to FMD vary among different livestock species?

Crossbred and exotic animals are at greater risk, while buffalo show more resistance compared to cattle.

What is the morbidity rate of FMD in susceptible populations?

The morbidity rate is 100% in susceptible populations.

What are the primary clinical symptoms of FMD observed in adult bovine species?

Symptoms include a drop in milk production, fever, and vesicle formation on the tongue and hooves. Signup and view all the answers

What supportive measures can aid in the recovery of FMD-affected animals?

Nutritional support, soft feed, and vitamins A, E, and C are beneficial for recovery. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the typical outcomes for young animals suffering from FMD.

Young animals experience higher mortality rates due to myocarditis and other complications. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary control measures for FMD as per global programs?

Eradication and vaccination are the primary control measures for FMD. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of airborne transmission in the spread of FMD?

Airborne transmission can occur under favorable conditions, facilitating rapid spread, especially near water sources. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary serotypes of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) prevalent in Europe and South America?

The primary serotypes of FMDV in Europe and South America are O, A, and C. Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of Foot and Mouth Disease on livestock production?

FMD leads to decreased milk production, abortion, reduced working capabilities, and high morbidity and mortality in young animals. Signup and view all the answers

Why is managing Foot and Mouth Disease considered challenging?

Managing FMD is challenging due to the presence of multiple serotypes and subtypes that do not confer cross-immunity. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the vaccination recommendations for controlling FMD.

Vaccination against FMD is recommended at six-monthly intervals for effective control. Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus causes Foot and Mouth Disease, and what is its family?

FMD is caused by an RNA virus of the genus Apthovirus and the family Picornaviridae. Signup and view all the answers

What environmental factors allow the FMD virus to persist, and for how long?

The FMD virus can persist in animal feed and the environment for up to 30 days. Signup and view all the answers

Which disinfectants are effective against the FMD virus?

Effective disinfectants include 3% sodium hypochlorite, 4-5% acetic acid, 2% sodium hydroxide, and 4% sodium carbonate. Signup and view all the answers

Which animals are considered susceptible to Foot and Mouth Disease?

All domestic cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, buffalo, pigs, sheep, and goats, are susceptible. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting ruminants and pigs, characterized by fever and vesicular lesions on mucosal surfaces.
The disease significantly impacts livestock production and leads to restrictions on animal movement.

Causative Agent

FMD is caused by an RNA virus from the genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae.
Seven established serotypes: O, A, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia1; with over 60 identified subtypes.
Common serotypes in Europe and South America include O, A, C; while SAT types are prevalent in Africa and Asia-1 in specific Asian countries like Pakistan and Thailand.

Effects of Infection

Leads to reduced milk production and potential abortion in lactating animals.
Decreases working abilities in draught animals and can result in death in younger animals.
High treatment costs and increased morbidity, especially in exotic and crossbred cattle, necessitate early intervention.

Vaccination and Control Measures

Vaccination is recommended every six months as part of national control programs.
Management becomes complicated due to the variety of virus subtypes.
In regions such as Yemen, no formal recommendations are provided.

Host Susceptibility

All domestic cloven-hoofed animals (cattle, buffalo, pigs, sheep, goats) are susceptible; some wild species are also at risk.
Cattle are key maintenance hosts, while pigs serve as amplifier hosts that enhance virus spread.
Crossbred and exotic breeds exhibit heightened susceptibility compared to local breeds.

Transmission Dynamics

The virus is shed in all bodily secretions and excretions, often prior to visible clinical signs.
Peaks in virus shedding coincide with the rupture of mouth vesicles, with potential airborne transmission under suitable conditions.

Pathogenesis and Symptoms

FMD has a 100% morbidity rate in susceptible groups; clinical manifestations include lesions on the mouth and feet.
Severity is influenced by factors such as age, species, virus type, and the immune status of the animal.
Symptoms in adults include fever, vesicle formation, significant milk production drop, and potential secondary infections.

Treatment Protocol

No specific antiviral treatment exists; management focuses on symptomatic care.
Typical supportive therapies include the use of antiseptics, anti-inflammatories, nutritional support, and vitamins A, E, and C to facilitate recovery.
Recovery in most cases occurs within 15 days, but young animals have higher mortality risk due to complications like myocarditis.

Global Control Strategies

Effective FMD control necessitates either eradication efforts or vaccination protocols.
Legislative measures in many regions prioritize vaccination and movement restrictions to manage outbreaks.

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Description

This quiz delves into Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) and its impact on livestock, focusing on various serotypes and geographical prevalence. Learn about the consequences of the disease, including decreased milk production and reproductive issues in affected animals.