Fluvial Processes

River Valley and Channel Formation

• River valley and channel formation involves various types of erosion, excluding weathering.
• The main factor contributing to the formation of V-shaped valleys in the upper course of a river is vertical erosion.

Middle and Lower Course of a River

• Wider and deeper valleys are formed in the middle course of a river, along with the development of meanders.
• Broad floodplains and levees are formed in the lower course of a river due to the deposition of sediment.

Upland Landforms

• A pedestal rock is not an upland landform formed by vertical erosion.

River Processes

• Eroded materials are carried downstream by a river through the process of transportation.
• Deposition occurs in river processes when the river's velocity decreases, causing sediment to settle.

Meanders and Oxbow Lakes

• The process that leads to the formation of oxbow lakes is cutoff.
• Cliff formation on the outer banks of meanders is primarily caused by erosion.

Floodplains and Levees

• The formation of floodplains is determined by the amount of sediment deposited during floods.
• Levees are primarily constructed to prevent flooding by containing the river's flow.

Waterfalls and Landforms

• Hard, resistant rock is typically found at the base of waterfalls.
• A meander belt is a type of landform formed by alternating erosion and deposition in a river.

Sediment Deposition

• Sediments spread out and deposit on adjacent land during floods due to a decrease in the river's velocity.
• Slip-off slopes on the inner banks of meanders are formed primarily due to erosion.