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Which of the following are considered Quinolones?
Which of the following are considered Quinolones?
Which of the following Quinolones is only effective against gram-negative bacteria?
Which of the following Quinolones is only effective against gram-negative bacteria?
Which of the following Quinolones is considered to have the least activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria?
Which of the following Quinolones is considered to have the least activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria?
Which of the following Quinolones is considered to have excellent activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria?
Which of the following Quinolones is considered to have excellent activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria?
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Quinolones are bactericidal.
Quinolones are bactericidal.
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Quinolones block bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting ______ II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV.
Quinolones block bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting ______ II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV.
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Which of the following are mechanisms of resistance to Quinolones?
Which of the following are mechanisms of resistance to Quinolones?
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Which of the following bacteria are susceptible to Quinolones?
Which of the following bacteria are susceptible to Quinolones?
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Which of the following is NOT a common adverse drug reaction associated with Quinolones?
Which of the following is NOT a common adverse drug reaction associated with Quinolones?
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Quinolones are contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation.
Quinolones are contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation.
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Which of the following Quinolones is indicated for the treatment of gonorrhoea?
Which of the following Quinolones is indicated for the treatment of gonorrhoea?
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Which of the following Quinolones is considered to be more active against gram-negative bacteria, including Chlamydia?
Which of the following Quinolones is considered to be more active against gram-negative bacteria, including Chlamydia?
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Which of the following Quinolones is considered to be more active against gram-positive bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Which of the following Quinolones is considered to be more active against gram-positive bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae?
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Which of the following Quinolones has been discontinued in the United States and United Kingdom due to adverse reactions?
Which of the following Quinolones has been discontinued in the United States and United Kingdom due to adverse reactions?
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Which of the following Quinolones is indicated for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia?
Which of the following Quinolones is indicated for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia?
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Which of the following Quinolones can be administered intravenously?
Which of the following Quinolones can be administered intravenously?
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Nalidixic acid can be administered intravenously.
Nalidixic acid can be administered intravenously.
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Which of the following Quinolones can be administered as eye drops?
Which of the following Quinolones can be administered as eye drops?
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Sparfloxacin can be administered intravenously.
Sparfloxacin can be administered intravenously.
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Study Notes
Fluoroquinolones
- Fluoroquinolones are a class of antibacterial medications
- Classified into three groups based on their activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
- Nalidixic acid shows excellent activity against only gram-negative bacteria.
- Norfloxacin has minimal activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
- Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Pazufloxacin, Pefloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Prulifloxacin, Gatifloxacin, and Delafloxacin demonstrate great activity against gram-negative and moderate activity against gram-positive bacteria.
- Some, like Moxifloxacin, also show excellent activity against anaerobic gram-negative rods.
- Newer medications include Gatifloxacin and Delafloxacin.
Mechanism of action
- Fluoroquinolones are bactericidal
- They inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis by blocking topoisomerases II (DNA gyrase) and IV.
Mechanism of Resistance
- Chromosomal mutations
- Reduced permeability
- Increased efflux
Antimicrobial Spectrum
Gram-negative bacteria
- Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella, Enterobacter, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis, Brucella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, ducreyi, Legionella, Proteus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Serratia
Gram-positive bacteria
- Streptococci, Staphylococci, Enterococci, Pneumococci, Bacteroides fragilis, Mycoplasma, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia, Chlamydia pneumoniae, trachomatis, Rickettsiae
Adverse Drug Reactions
- Gastrointestinal tract issues
- Central nervous system problems
- Skin reactions
- Tendon and cartilage damage
- Cardiovascular System (CVS) complications
- Blood glucose disturbances
- Drug interactions
Contraindications
- Pregnancy
- Lactation
- Pediatric age
Therapeutic Uses of Ciprofloxacin
- Dental uses
- Genitourinary tract infections
- Gastrointestinal tract infections
- Respiratory tract infections
- ENT infections
- Typhoid
- Bone, soft tissues, gynaecological, and wound infections
- Tuberculosis
- Gram-negative septicaemias
- Meningitis
- Prophylaxis
- Conjunctivitis
- STD: Gonorrhoea, Chancroid.
Therapeutic Uses of Norfloxacin
- Genitourinary tract infections
- Bacterial diarrhea
Therapeutic Uses of Pefloxacin
- Meningeal infections
- Genitourinary tract infections
- Gastrointestinal infections
- Systemic infections
- Typhoid
- Gram-positive cocci & Listeria
Therapeutic Uses of Ofloxacin
- Similar to Ciprofloxacin, suitable for leprosy, less interaction with theophylline
- High oral bioavailability
- Single dose
- Community-acquired pneumonia
- Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
Therapeutic Uses of Levofloxacin
- Similar to Ciprofloxacin
- High activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Good oral bioavailability
- Single dose
- No drug interactions
- Community-acquired pneumonia
- Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
Therapeutic Uses of Lomefloxacin
- Similar to Ciprofloxacin
- More active against gram-negative bacteria, Chlamydia
- No interaction with theophylline
- Single dose
Therapeutic Uses of Sparfloxacin
- More active against gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Bacteroides fragilis, mycobacteria)
- Indications include pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, tuberculosis, MAC-AIDS patients, leprosy, Chlamydial infections
- Single dose
Therapeutic Uses of Gatifloxacin
- Excellent activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, some anaerobes, atypical respiratory pathogens including Chlamydia pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis
- Community-acquired pneumonia
- Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis & other RTIs
- Potential adverse effects include tachycardia, prolonged QTc interval, phototoxicity, CNS effects, swelling over the face, Torsades de pointes, changes in blood glucose levels, and discontinuation in some regions
Therapeutic Uses of Moxifloxacin
- Excellent activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and beta-lactam/macrolide-resistant gram-positive bacteria
- Primary indications include pneumonia, bronchitis, otitis media, and sinusitis
Routes of Administration
- Nalidixic acid (oral)
- Ciprofloxacin (oral, IV infusion, eye drops, ointment, ear drops)
- Norfloxacin (oral, eye drops)
- Levofloxacin (oral, IV infusion, eye drops, ear drops)
- Ofloxacin (oral, IV infusion, eye drops, ear drops)
- Pefloxacin (oral, IV infusion, eye drops)
- Lomefloxacin (oral, eye drops)
- Sparfloxacin (oral)
- Moxifloxacin (oral, IV infusion, eye drops)
- Gemifloxacin (oral, IV infusion, eye drops)
- Gatifloxacin (oral, IV infusion, eye drops)
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Description
This quiz covers the classification, mechanism of action, and resistance mechanisms of fluoroquinolones, a key class of antibacterial medications. Test your knowledge on their efficacy against different types of bacteria and the drugs included in this group.
