Fluoridated Salt and Fluoride Supplements

What is one of the mainstay preventive measures to improve dental health?

Which group is NOT considered as part of the 'high caries-risk' groups?

What is the recommended brushing technique for children according to the text?

What is advised after brushing teeth at night to prevent dental caries?

What is the recommended toothpaste amount for children up to 3 years of age?

What is the recommended frequency of toothbrushing for children?

Which of the following is NOT a recommended healthy food choice low in cariogenic potential?

What is the recommended level of fluoride in drinking water for optimal dental health?

What is the most stable structure against acid attack formed during tooth development stage?

Which of the following is NOT a type of systemic fluoride?

Which compound is mainly responsible for living organisms' exposure to inorganic fluorides through food and water?

What is the impact of fluoride on the growth of bone and teeth due to its role as a core of mineralization?

Which type of toxicity is associated with fluoride ingestion over longer time periods?

What is the lethal dose range of fluoride per kilogram of body weight?

What are the symptoms of acute fluoride toxicity?

What is the purpose of applying 0.05% NaF solution in the context described?

Why is supervised use of the solution considered more efficacious than unsupervised use?

What percentage of dental caries is exclusively pit and fissure caries in fluoridated communities?

What is the recommended dosage of fluoride drops for 6 months - 3 year old children?

What is the main product deposited on the enamel surface and on subsurface carious lesions after the application of topical vehicles with high fluoride content?

Which age group should use fluoride varnishes according to the text?

What should be done after applying fluoride gel according to the text?

What is the fluoride content in low fluoride 'children's' toothpastes?

What is the purpose of using fluoridated mouth rinses according to the text?

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the practical pillars to the prevention of dental caries?

What is the main reason for the complexity involved in the prevention of caries, as mentioned in the text?

What are the four practical pillars to the prevention of dental caries mentioned in the text?

What does the text emphasize as being better than cure in dentistry?

According to the text, what is the main reason for the involvement of many skills in the practice of preventing caries?

Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the learning objectives related to preventive strategies for dental caries at children, as mentioned in the introductory text?

What is the primary concern that necessitates further long-term clinical trials for fluoride-containing fissure sealants?

According to the text, what is the most critical aspect of fissure sealant application?

What is the goal of etching in fissure sealant application, as mentioned in the text?

What factor should be taken into account when making the decision to apply a fissure sealant, based on the text?

According to the text, when should fissure sealants be considered for use in children and young people with no signs of caries activity?

What is the recommended etch time for applying fissure sealant to primary teeth using non-invasive technique, according to the text?

Based on the text, what is essential to achieve optimal acid-etch pattern of enamel before placing fissure sealants?

Which method is mentioned in the text as an early application technique for pit-and-fissure sealant application?

According to the text, why is the use of rubber dam not practical for young and newly erupted teeth?

What is considered cost effective in preventing caries, as mentioned in the text?

What is the most stable structure against acid attack formed during tooth development stage?

Which compound is mainly responsible for living organisms' exposure to inorganic fluorides through food and water?

What is the recommended level of fluoride in drinking water for optimal dental health?

What is considered one of the 10 greatest achievements in public health in the 20th century?

Which of the following has both systemic and topical effects on teeth?

What is regarded as an important trace element and has a high impact on the growth of bone and teeth?

What is the most important component of all paediatric treatment planning?

What is the mainstay of preventive measures for dental caries?

Which of the following has been reported to have more effect on decreasing dental caries compared to the daily sucking of a fluoride tablet?

What is the recommended toothpaste amount for children up to 3 years of age according to the text?

What is the main product deposited on the enamel surface and on subsurface carious lesions after the application of topical vehicles with high fluoride content?

At what age do children typically have the manual dexterity to brush their teeth effectively?

Which of the following has been marketed due to concern over enamel fluorosis in young children?

What is the most commonly recommended method for toothbrushing technique for children?

What is the most commonly used agent for professionally applied fluoride treatments?

What should be advised after brushing to prevent dental caries according to the text?

What is the primary concern regarding the use of fluoride toothpaste containing 1,000-1,500 ppm F in young children?

What should be done prior to applying fluoride varnishes according to the text?

Which factor determines the appropriate fluoride toothpaste to be used in children of different age groups?

What is the main reason for the supervised use of fluoride solution being considered more efficacious than unsupervised use?

What is the recommended etch time for applying fissure sealant to primary teeth using a non-invasive technique, according to the text?

Why is the use of a rubber dam considered impractical for young and newly erupted teeth?

What is the most critical aspect of fissure sealant application, as mentioned in the text?

What are the four practical pillars to the prevention of dental caries mentioned in the text?

What is the estimated lethal dose of sodium fluoride for a human adult (70 kg man) ingested at one time?

What are the symptoms of acute fluoride toxicity resulting from ingestion of optimally fluoridated water?

What are the changes in teeth and bone that can result from elevated doses of fluoride ingestion over longer time periods?

What is the main clinical advantage of glass ionomer cements (GIC) as fissure sealants compared to resin-based sealants?

What is the pattern of fluoride release for glass ionomer cements (GICs) into the surrounding enamel?

What is the goal of introducing a pit and fissure sealant into caries-susceptible teeth?

What is the main goal of etching in fissure sealant application, as mentioned in the text?

What is considered the most critical aspect of fissure sealant application according to the text?

What is the recommended etch time for applying fissure sealant to primary teeth using non-invasive technique, according to the text?

What is the main concern that necessitates further long-term clinical trials for fluoride-containing fissure sealants, as mentioned in the text?

What is the purpose of using rubber dam in fissure sealant application, as mentioned in the text?

What is advised after applying fluoride gel, according to the text?

What is the effect of salivary contamination during and after acid etching in fissure sealant application?

What is the main compound responsible for living organisms' exposure to inorganic fluorides through food and water?

What is the primary factor to be taken into account when making the decision to apply a fissure sealant, based on the text?

What are some common methods introduced to clinical processes like air polishing and enameloplasty sealant technique?

There are four practical pillars to the prevention of dental caries: a) ______, b) ______, c) ______, d) ______

Each of these will be considered in turn before being brought together in treatment planning and in relation to ______-risk.

In dentistry there is no doubt that ______ is better than cure.

The main reason for this is that control of the aetiological agents⎯plaque and fermentable carbohydrates⎯involve a change in ______.

Will be able to list the systemic and topical fluoride ______

What is the recommended dosage of fluoride drops for 6 months - 3 year old children?

Fluoridated salt is most commonly fluoridated at extbf{______ mg} of fluoride per kg.

The daily sucking of a fluoride ______ (0.25 mg NaF) has more effect on decreasing dental caries than using fluoride drops twice a day compared with the daily sucking of a fluoride ______.

Enamel fluorosis is a condition, which can vary from minor white spots to unsightly yellow/ brown discoloration of the enamel due to excessive intake of extbf{______}.

Most manufacturers now give fluoride content in ppm F in extbf{______}.

Fluoride-containing varnishes were developed during the late 1960s and early 1970s in an effort to improve shortcomings of existing topical fluoride vehicles, such as fluoride gels or mouth rinses, by prolonging contact of the fluoride with tooth enamel. Different brands of fluoride varnishes and their fluoride concentrations: Fluoride varnishes are used in every extbf{______}.

Fluoridated mouth rinses are used after extbf{______} in children.

The most relevant inorganic fluorides are hydrogen fluoride (HF), calcium fluoride (CaF2), sodium fluoride (NaF), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and ______.

Fluoride has both systemic and topical effects on ______.

Water fluoridation to 1ppm is deemed to provide an optimal balance between reduction of caries and occurrence of ______.

Fluorine (F) is an element of the ______ family.

The levels of fluoride in most fruits, vegetables, meats are very low (0.1 – 5 mg/kg) and are unlikely to contribute significantly to daily fluoride ______.

The parents and the doctors should be warned about the sugar free (SF) medicines. If the medicine does not have SF type then to give water after medicine should be ______.

The mainstay of preventive measures are: (1) plaque control and regular toothbrushing with a ______ toothpaste

Plaque disclosing tablets and solutions are available for children. Children need close supervision when using these agents and appropriate advice should be given to parents and guardians. Plaque charts can be used to monitor progress and to identify areas where cleaning is not ideal. After demonstrating the plaque disclosing procedure and performing the charting it is initially advisable to instruct patients to use the disclosing agent prior to toothbrushing. After 1 week it is advisable for patients to brush first and then disclose in order to identify areas that are being missed. Toothbrushing: Advise regular toothbrushing with an appropriate concentration of ______ toothpaste.

Toothbrushing should become a routine and on at least two occasions every day. Manual toothbrushes Electric toothbrushes Toothbrushes should be small head. Young children under 8 years need help with toothbrushing. Children do not have the manual dexterity to brush their teeth effectively until they can tie their own shoelaces. Up to age 8, parents/ caregivings are responsible from the brushing procedures of children. They have to first let the child to brush her/his teeth as she/he knows. Then parents/ caregivings brush the teeth. Dentists should show which brushing tecnique should be used.Fone technique is appropriate for children. The buccal and lingual surfaces should brushed in a circular motion 5 times / tooth. Occlusal surfaces should be brushed same. The toothbrush should be kept in an upright position at labial/ lingual surfaces. parent assiting Only a small smear of ______ toothpaste should be used up to 3 years of age then pea size could be advised.

The night-brushing should be start half an hour before going to sleep to avoid moodiness. After brushing advice not to eat or drink until sleep. Children between 8-12 years old should be educated by the dentist about toothbrushing technique. Parents/caregivings should observe and control the brushing. Modified Bass Technique: The most commonly recommended method is the Modified Bass technique, which involves holding the toothbrush at an 45 angle so that the bristles point at gum line and making short back-and-forth strokes, followed by sweeping the brush from under the gum toward the edge of tooth. 2) Nutrition and diet in caries control: Advising parents to completely stop their children from eating sugary foods is not achievable. We should advise that only milk or water is given to children in a baby bottle. Many are not aware that no added sugar drinks contain natural sugar. 'Safer foods' have been recommended as alternatives for frequent snackers or nibblers. These alternatives include cheeses that have been shown to raise plaque pH. In addition to fruit and vegetables, crisps and peanuts have also been recommended as safer alternatives. Frequency of eating: Frequency of eating has an important effect on teeth. Eating meals leads to periods of acid attack when tooth mineral is lost. At the end of the meal or snack the acid is buffered by saliva and the mineral loss stops and reverses under favourable conditions. Frequent snackers have predominantly mineral loss and little if any remineralization. Brushing twice per day with a ______ toothpaste, subjects should safely be able to have five meal moments per day. This is a sensible and achievable dietary message for patients.

Non-sugar sweeteners: The intense sweeteners and xylitol are non-cariogenic while the other bulk sweeteners can be metabolized by plaque bacteria but the rate is so slow that these sweeteners can be considered safe for teeth. The use of nonsugar sweeteners is growing rapidly particularly in confectionery and soft drinks. Tooth-friendly sweets are available in many countries with Tooth-friendly (or Mr Happy-Tooth) logo. There is good evidence that sugarless chewing gums are not only non-cariogenic but also positively prevent dental caries, by stimulating salivary flow. Xylitol gums are used in school-based preventive programmes. Dietary advice for the prevention of dental caries: A dentist can make a diet diary for the child patient to give advices to prevent the caries risk. To give a dietary advice dentist have to learn following information. a. Number of intakes of food and drinks b. The number of intakes that contain sugars (excluding sugar in fruit) and how many were consumed between normal mealtimes c.

What are the four practical pillars to the prevention of dental caries mentioned in the text? The mainstay of preventive measures are: (1) plaque control and regular toothbrushing with a ______ toothpaste; (2) sensible dietary advice; (3) use of fluorides; (4) fissure sealants; (5) regular dental checks with appropriate radiographs.

The lethal dose of fluoride for a human adult (70 kg man) has been estimated to be ______ grams of sodium fluoride, ingested at one time.

If a six year-old child with body weight of 20 kg ingests the whole content of a tube of toothpaste with 1500 ppm F, signs of toxicity could be seen. If a 10 kg child ingests 3 % toothpaste in a single sitting, acute toxicity signs will be seen. The amount of fluoride necessary to cause death for a human adult (70 kg man) has been estimated to be more than ______ times as much fluoride as is consumed at one time in a single glass of optimally fluoridated water.

If fluoride is ingested in elevated doses over longer time periods, changes in teeth and bone can result. These changes are called ______.

The term pit and fissure sealant is used to describe a material that is introduced into the occlusal pits and fissures of caries-susceptible teeth, thus forming a micromechanically-bonded, protective layer cutting access of caries-producing bacteria from their source of nutrients. Tooth surfaces with pits and fissures are particularly vulnerable to caries development observed that although the occlusal surfaces represented only 12.5% of the total surfaces of the permanent dentition, they accounted for almost ______% of the caries in school children.

Resin based fissure sealants (FS) are bonded to the underlying enamel by the use of the acid etch technique. Their caries preventive property is based on the establishment of a tight seal, which prevents leakage of nutrients to the microflora in the deeper parts of the fissure. The resin sealants may be pure resin, composites or compomers, and their polymerization may be initiated chemically or by light. Glass ionomer cements (GIC). One of the main clinical advantages of GIC is their ability to bond chemically to dentine and enamel without the use of the acid-etch technique which makes them less vulnerable to moisture. This, in conjunction with active F release into the surrounding enamel has led to the development and evaluation of GIC as an alternative FS system, particularly in cases where moisture control is difficult to achieve. Experiments have established that the F release in distilled water is very high during the first ______ hours (burst effect) and it drops rapidly during the following 48 hours before reaching a relatively constant level during the second week. This pattern of F release is common for all the conventional and resin modified GICs. The use of GIC has been suggested for erupting teeth where isolation is a problem, especially in the high caries risk individuals. In this situation they can be considered more a F vehicle than a traditional FS. Compomers. Compomers are currently being investigated widely in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The use of GIC has been suggested for erupting teeth where isolation is a problem, especially in the high caries risk individuals. In this situation they can be considered more a F vehicle than a traditional FS. Compomers. Compomers are currently being investigated widely in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The use of GIC has been suggested for erupting teeth where isolation is a problem, especially in the high caries risk individuals. In this situation they can be considered more a F vehicle than a traditional FS. Compomers. Compomers are currently being investigated widely in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The use of GIC has been suggested for erupting teeth where isolation is a problem, especially in the high caries risk individuals. In this situation they can be considered more a F vehicle than a traditional FS. Compomers. Compomers are currently being investigated widely in both in vitro and in vivo studies.

Tooth surfaces with pits and fissures are particularly vulnerable to caries development observed that although the occlusal surfaces represented only ______% of the total surfaces of the permanent dentition, they accounted for almost 50% of the caries in school children.

The plaque accumulation and caries susceptibility are greatest during the eruption of the molars and caries susceptible individuals are therefore vulnerable to early initiation and fast progression of caries in these sites. In fluoridated communities over ______% of dental caries is exclusively pit and fissure caries.

The durability of F containing FS would now appear to be comparable to conventional resin FS. However, further long-term clinical trials are necessary to determine that the clinical longevity of FS retention is not adversely affected by the presence of incorporated ______.

The need for surface cleaning and the method of cleaning pits and fissures prior to FS placement may seem to be controversial. Some studies suggest the careful removal of plaque and pellicle by the use of pumice or air-polishing instruments in order to obtain optimal acid-etch pattern of the enamel, while another maintains that the effect of acid etching alone is sufficient for surface cleaning provided obvious soft material has been removed. The literature is extensive on the efficiency of different cleaning procedures on bonding including the use of rotating burs in order to remove superficial enamel and open the fissure to have the resin penetrate into it. The early application technique for pit-and-fissure sealant application consisted of cleaning the enamel surface to be treated with pumice and water mixture using a rotary brush, either pointed or flat ended. Later many methods were introduced to clinical processes like air polishing, enameloplasty sealant technique, abrasion with alumina oxide and ______.

Adequate isolation is the most critical aspect of FS application. If the enamel porosity created by the etching procedure is filled by any kind of liquid, the formation of resin tags in the enamel is blocked or reduced, and the resin is poorly retained. Salivary contamination, during and after acid etching, also allows the precipitation of glycoproteins onto the enamel surface, greatly decreasing bond strength to the FS. The use of rubber dam is obviously the safest way of securing optimal moisture control, but in young and newly erupted teeth this is usually not practical, as it demands the use of local analgesia for placement of the clamp. Additionally, there is sufficient evidence that careful isolation with cotton rolls gives similar retention results. Etchants and conditioners. The goal of etching is to produce an uncontaminated, dry, frosted surface. The most frequently used etchant is orthophosphoric acid. In non-invasive FS applications 30 sec of etching is optimum time. In invasive FS applications 15 sec of etching is preferable. If the clinician is going to apply FS to primary tooth with non-invasive technique the etch time should be 60 sec, and at invasive 30 sec. Washing and drying. The tooth is usually irrigated vigorously with air and water for about 10 seconds and then dried with uncontaminated compressed air for 10 seconds. Both washing and drying are thorough enough to remove all etchant from the surface of the tooth to give a chalky, frosted ______.

Pits and fissures are generally recognized as highly susceptible to caries and least likely to benefit from systemic or topical F. FS can prevent caries and are therefore considered cost effective. FS should not be routinely used in all children and all teeth, but based on an individual risk evaluation will play a significant role in improving even further the cost effectiveness of ______.

The decision to apply a FS should be made on clinical grounds based on a thorough clinical examination, supported by radiographs where appropriate, and taking into account risk factors such as medical and social history as well as past caries experience and present caries activity. FS may be used to prevent caries in teeth estimated to be at risk, or to arrest the progression of caries lesions limited to ______.

The application of FS to all susceptible sites of primary and permanent teeth should be considered, especially when systemic health could be jeopardised by dental disease or the need for dental treatment. - Children and young people with signs of acute caries activity: All susceptible pit and fissure sites should be considered for FS, including the buccal fissures of permanent molars. - Children and young people with no signs of caries activity: Only deeply fissured (extremely plaque retaining fissures) and thus potentially susceptible surfaces should be considered for ______.

In non-invasive FS applications 30 sec of etching is optimum time. In invasive FS applications 15 sec of etching is preferable. If the clinician is going to apply FS to primary tooth with non-invasive technique the etch time should be 60 sec, and at invasive 30 sec. Washing and drying. The tooth is usually irrigated vigorously with air and water for about 10 seconds and then dried with uncontaminated compressed air for 10 seconds. Both washing and drying are thorough enough to remove all etchant from the surface of the tooth to give a chalky, frosted ______.

Pits and fissures are generally recognized as highly susceptible to caries and least likely to benefit from systemic or topical F. FS can prevent caries and are therefore considered cost effective. FS should not be routinely used in all children and all teeth, but based on an individual risk evaluation will play a significant role in improving even further the cost effectiveness of ______.

The decision to apply a FS should be made on clinical grounds based on a thorough clinical examination, supported by radiographs where appropriate, and taking into account risk factors such as medical and social history as well as past caries experience and present caries activity. FS may be used to prevent caries in teeth estimated to be at risk, or to arrest the progression of caries lesions limited to ______.

The application of FS to all susceptible sites of primary and permanent teeth should be considered, especially when systemic health could be jeopardised by dental disease or the need for dental treatment. - Children and young people with signs of acute caries activity: All susceptible pit and fissure sites should be considered for FS, including the buccal fissures of permanent molars. - Children and young people with no signs of caries activity: Only deeply fissured (extremely plaque retaining fissures) and thus potentially susceptible surfaces should be considered for ______.

What are the four practical pillars to the prevention of dental caries?

What is the primary concern regarding the use of fluoride toothpaste containing 1,000-1,500 ppm F in young children?

What is the recommended level of fluoride in drinking water for optimal dental health?

What is the main product deposited on the enamel surface and on subsurface carious lesions after the application of topical vehicles with high fluoride content?

What is the main compound responsible for living organisms' exposure to inorganic fluorides through food and water?

What is the mainstay of preventive measures for dental caries?

What are the mainstay preventive measures for improving dental health?

What is the recommended frequency of toothbrushing for children?

What is the most commonly recommended method for toothbrushing technique for children?

What is the recommended toothpaste amount for children up to 3 years of age?

What is the recommended etch time for applying fissure sealant to primary teeth using non-invasive technique, according to the text?

What is the main compound responsible for living organisms' exposure to inorganic fluorides through food and water?

What is the primary purpose of using fluoride drops twice a day compared with the daily sucking of a fluoride tablet?

What is the main product deposited on the enamel surface and on subsurface carious lesions after the application of topical vehicles with high fluoride content?

What are the four practical pillars to the prevention of dental caries mentioned in the text?

What is the recommended etch time for applying fissure sealant to primary teeth using non-invasive technique, according to the text?

What is the recommended etch time for applying fissure sealant to primary teeth using non-invasive technique, according to the text?

What is the primary concern regarding the use of fluoride toothpaste containing 1,000-1,500 ppm F in young children?

What is the most critical aspect of fissure sealant application according to the text?

What is the most stable structure against acid attack formed during tooth development stage?

What is the most stable structure against acid attack formed during tooth development stage?

What is the recommended level of fluoride in drinking water for optimal dental health?

What is the main concern that necessitates further long-term clinical trials for fluoride-containing fissure sealants, as mentioned in the text?

What is considered one of the 10 greatest achievements in public health in the 20th century?

What is the recommended level of fluoride in drinking water for optimal dental health?

What is the estimated lethal dose of sodium fluoride for a human adult (70 kg man) ingested at one time?

What is the main compound responsible for living organisms' exposure to inorganic fluorides through food and water?

What is the primary concern regarding the use of fluoride toothpaste containing 1,000-1,500 ppm F in young children?

What are the symptoms of acute fluoride toxicity resulting from ingestion of optimally fluoridated water?

What factor should be taken into account when making the decision to apply a fissure sealant, based on the text?

What is the pattern of fluoride release for conventional and resin modified GICs?

What is the recommended etch time for non-invasive fissure sealant applications?

What are the four practical pillars to the prevention of dental caries as mentioned in the text?

What is the impact of salivary contamination during and after acid etching in fissure sealant application?

What is the main reason for the involvement of many skills in the practice of preventing caries?

What is the main concern that necessitates further long-term clinical trials for fluoride-containing fissure sealants?

What is considered the most critical aspect of fissure sealant application according to the text?

What is the recommended level of fluoride in drinking water for optimal dental health?

What is the primary concern regarding the use of fluoride toothpaste containing 1,000-1,500 ppm fluoride in young children?

What is the recommended advice after brushing to prevent dental caries according to the text?