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Questions and Answers
A liquid's viscosity depends on the size and shape of its particles and the attractions between them, for example, honey has a much higher viscosity than ______.
A liquid's viscosity depends on the size and shape of its particles and the attractions between them, for example, honey has a much higher viscosity than ______.
water
A fluid that has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal fluid or ______ fluid.
A fluid that has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal fluid or ______ fluid.
inviscid
Zero viscosity is observed only at very low temperatures, in ______ fluids.
Zero viscosity is observed only at very low temperatures, in ______ fluids.
super
A liquid whose viscosity is less than that of water is sometimes known as a ______ liquid.
A liquid whose viscosity is less than that of water is sometimes known as a ______ liquid.
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Pressure drop occurs when frictional forces, caused by the resistance to flow, act on a fluid as it flows through a ______.
Pressure drop occurs when frictional forces, caused by the resistance to flow, act on a fluid as it flows through a ______.
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The main determinants of resistance to fluid flow are fluid velocity through the pipe and fluid ______.
The main determinants of resistance to fluid flow are fluid velocity through the pipe and fluid ______.
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High flow velocities and/or high fluid viscosities result in a larger pressure drop across a section of pipe or a ______.
High flow velocities and/or high fluid viscosities result in a larger pressure drop across a section of pipe or a ______.
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To determine the pressure drop in circular pipes, factors including the length of pipe, pipe diameter, density and flow ______ are considered.
To determine the pressure drop in circular pipes, factors including the length of pipe, pipe diameter, density and flow ______ are considered.
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The area A of the best hydraulic rectangular section is given by A = y______
The area A of the best hydraulic rectangular section is given by A = y______
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For a trapezoidal section, the area A can be expressed as A = (b + Ny)y, where N is the ______
For a trapezoidal section, the area A can be expressed as A = (b + Ny)y, where N is the ______
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In the rectangular section, the perimeter P is calculated as P = ______ + 2y
In the rectangular section, the perimeter P is calculated as P = ______ + 2y
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The value of b in the best hydraulic rectangular section can be derived as b = ______
The value of b in the best hydraulic rectangular section can be derived as b = ______
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The expression for P, when N = 0 in the trapezoidal section, simplifies to P = ______ + 2y
The expression for P, when N = 0 in the trapezoidal section, simplifies to P = ______ + 2y
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The best hydraulic trapezoidal section is designed to maximize the ______
The best hydraulic trapezoidal section is designed to maximize the ______
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In the given example, a trapezoidal channel requires to carry a discharge of ______ m2/s.
In the given example, a trapezoidal channel requires to carry a discharge of ______ m2/s.
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The friction coefficient n is given as n = ______
The friction coefficient n is given as n = ______
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The flow may be classified as laminar, transitional or ______ based on the Reynolds number.
The flow may be classified as laminar, transitional or ______ based on the Reynolds number.
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Laminar flow occurs when the viscous forces are so large relative to the inertia forces, meaning the flow is dominated by ______ forces.
Laminar flow occurs when the viscous forces are so large relative to the inertia forces, meaning the flow is dominated by ______ forces.
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Turbulent flow implies that the inertia forces are large relative to the ______ forces.
Turbulent flow implies that the inertia forces are large relative to the ______ forces.
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Transitional flow occurs when the Reynolds number is between ______ and 2000.
Transitional flow occurs when the Reynolds number is between ______ and 2000.
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In open channel flow, the characteristic length used in calculating Reynolds number is the hydraulic ______.
In open channel flow, the characteristic length used in calculating Reynolds number is the hydraulic ______.
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Homogeneous flow implies that the density of the flow is ______ across all spatial dimensions.
Homogeneous flow implies that the density of the flow is ______ across all spatial dimensions.
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Stratified flow occurs when the density of the flow varies in any ______.
Stratified flow occurs when the density of the flow varies in any ______.
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The gradient Richardson number is used to measure the strength of ______ stratification.
The gradient Richardson number is used to measure the strength of ______ stratification.
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Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of ______.
Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of ______.
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Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for ______.
Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for ______.
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Matter is recognized in nature as solid, liquid, or ______.
Matter is recognized in nature as solid, liquid, or ______.
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A fluid can be defined as a substance which readily changes its shape under the action of very small ______.
A fluid can be defined as a substance which readily changes its shape under the action of very small ______.
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The common property of all fluids is that they must be bounded by impermeable ______ to maintain their shape.
The common property of all fluids is that they must be bounded by impermeable ______ to maintain their shape.
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Viscosity is the property of a fluid which offers resistance to shear ______.
Viscosity is the property of a fluid which offers resistance to shear ______.
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In viscous flow, there is a continuous steady motion of ______.
In viscous flow, there is a continuous steady motion of ______.
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Provided there is enough fluid or it is expandable enough, it conforms to the geometrical shape of the ______.
Provided there is enough fluid or it is expandable enough, it conforms to the geometrical shape of the ______.
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Compressibility is measured as the change in volume of a substance due to a change in ______ applied on it.
Compressibility is measured as the change in volume of a substance due to a change in ______ applied on it.
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The Bulk modulus of material is defined as change in ______ per volume strain.
The Bulk modulus of material is defined as change in ______ per volume strain.
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Equation (c) is the ______ of the fluid and K has the unit of pressure.
Equation (c) is the ______ of the fluid and K has the unit of pressure.
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Reynolds Number is the ratio of the inertial forces to the ______ forces.
Reynolds Number is the ratio of the inertial forces to the ______ forces.
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Laminar flow is characterized by the gliding of concentric cylindrical layers past one another in ______ fashion.
Laminar flow is characterized by the gliding of concentric cylindrical layers past one another in ______ fashion.
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The pressure drop caused by friction of laminar flow does not depend on the roughness of the ______.
The pressure drop caused by friction of laminar flow does not depend on the roughness of the ______.
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Turbulent flow is characterized by an irregular motion of fluid particles in directions ______ to the direction of the main flow.
Turbulent flow is characterized by an irregular motion of fluid particles in directions ______ to the direction of the main flow.
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The velocity distribution of turbulent flow is more ______ across the pipe diameter than in laminar flow.
The velocity distribution of turbulent flow is more ______ across the pipe diameter than in laminar flow.
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Reynolds Number signifies the relative predominance of ______ to viscous forces.
Reynolds Number signifies the relative predominance of ______ to viscous forces.
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The flow is classified as ______ or turbulent based on the value of Reynolds Number.
The flow is classified as ______ or turbulent based on the value of Reynolds Number.
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The pipe friction coefficient is a ______ number.
The pipe friction coefficient is a ______ number.
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For laminar flow, the friction factor is a function of ______ number only.
For laminar flow, the friction factor is a function of ______ number only.
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Open-channel flow differs from pipe flow in that it has a ______ surface.
Open-channel flow differs from pipe flow in that it has a ______ surface.
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Open-channel flow is considered a branch of ______ and fluid mechanics.
Open-channel flow is considered a branch of ______ and fluid mechanics.
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The flow of water in an open channel can be seen in natural channels like a ______.
The flow of water in an open channel can be seen in natural channels like a ______.
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The absolute roughness is denoted by the symbol ______.
The absolute roughness is denoted by the symbol ______.
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Study Notes
Kwara State University, Department of Civil Engineering
- Civil Engineering Hydraulics (CEE 333) Lecture Notes
- Course materials authored by Dr. A.G. Adeogun, dated 8/24/2017
Contents
- Presents a comprehensive outline of the course's topics and chapters, including a detailed table of contents.
Chapter One: Introduction to Hydraulics
- Introduces hydraulics as the mechanical properties of liquids (fluids) and its connection to pneumatics.
- Explains the role of fluid mechanics as the theoretical foundation.
- Outlines civil engineering problems involving fluid flow, primarily water.
- Discusses matter in its solid, liquid, or gas forms, emphasizing that fluids are matter in liquid or gaseous form.
- Introduces viscous flow as a type of fluid flow characterized by steady, constant motion of particles.
- Describes viscosity as a fluid property that resists shear deformation due to cohesion and interaction between fluid molecules.
- Explains how different fluids deform at different rates under the same shear stress.
- Discusses viscosity dependence on particle size, shape, and inter-particle attraction.
- Defines ideal fluids as fluids with no resistance to shear stress (zero viscosity).
- Covers cases where fluids exhibit high viscosity, appearing solid in short term.
Chapter One: Pressure Drop
- Explains pressure drop as the difference in pressure between two points in a fluid carrying network.
- Describes pressure drop occurrence due to flow resistance (frictional forces) in pipes resulting from fluid velocity and viscosity.
- Covers causes of pressure drop, including friction, vertical pipe differences (elevation changes), and changes in kinetic energy.
- Provides a formula for determining pressure drop in circular pipes: Δp= λ(L/D)(ρV²/2)
- Explains that the formula can be further modified if other elements exist in the pipes.
- Includes pressure drop by gravity calculations.
- Includes Pressure drop estimation in gases and vapours.
Chapter One: Shear Stress
- Defines Shear stress, denoted as τ, as a measure of frictional force exerted by a fluid on an object in its path, especially in open channel flow, e.g., water against the channel bed.
- Explains its calculation related to the surface slope and average water depth.
- Provides an equation that links shear stress to the velocity gradient of the fluid.
Chapter One: Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
- Defines dynamic viscosity (μ) as the constant in shear stress in terms of velocity gradient.
- Defines kinematic viscosity (ν) as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.
Chapter One: Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
- Defines compressibility as the change in volume of a substance responding to a pressure change.
- Defines bulk modulus as the measure of change in pressure per unit volume strain.
- Provides formulas associated with density, volume and pressure changes and bulk modulus.
Chapter One: Reynolds Number
- Introduces Reynolds number (Re) as a ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.
- Categorizes pipe and open channel flows based on Reynolds number (laminar, transition, and turbulent).
Chapter Two: Open Channel Flow
- Describes open-channel flow as liquid flow within a conduit with a free surface (e.g., rivers or irrigation ditches)
- Distinguishes open-channel flow from pipe flow, noting the presence of a free surface.
- Classifies open channel flows based on changes in depth with respect to time and space into steady and unsteady flow.
- Differentiates between uniform and non-uniform flows based on depth variations along the flow's length.
- Classifies flows based on the ratio of inertia to gravity forces (Froude number), into subcritical, critical, and supercritical flows.
- Discusses the fundamental differences between pipe flow and open channel flow.
- Explains the significance of geometric properties, such as depth, area, wetted perimeter, and width, in open-channel flow analysis
- Introduces fundamental equations describing fluid flow using mass and energy conservation laws.
Chapter Three: Pipe Flow
- Defines pipe flow as fluid movement within a circular enclosed conduit.
- Categorizes pipe flows into laminar and turbulent flows.
- Summarizes pipe flow formulas: flow rate (Q), velocity (V), hydraulic radius (R), diameter (D), and dynamic viscosity (μ).
- Provides relevant equations for laminar and turbulent flows, including friction factors and head losses.
Chapter Four: Loss in pipes
- Details minor head losses at entrances, contractions, expansions and fittings and elbows in pipe systems.
- Provides major head loss formulae, for example, Darcy-Weisbach equation.
Chapter Five: Flow Measurement
- Describes flow measurement methods in pipes, including venturi meters and orifice meters.
- Describes flow measurement methods in open-channels, using notches and weirs
Chapter Six: Fluid Flow Concepts and Measurements
- Discusses fluid flow concepts such as kinematics (space-time relationships of fluids in motion).
- Explains the ideas of streamlines and streamtubes related to fluid flow patterns.
- Introduces the concepts of rotational and irrotational flows.
- Describes one, two and three-dimensional flows
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Description
Test your understanding of fluid mechanics with this quiz. Explore concepts such as viscosity, pressure drop, and fluid flow in pipes. Challenge yourself with questions on the properties of various fluids and their behaviors in different conditions.
