Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Quiz

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When serum Na levels are increased to above 145 mmol/L, it leads to the movement of fluid from cells out into the extracellular fluid, causing:

Hyperkalemia
Hypernatremia (correct)
Hypomagnesemia
Hypokalemia

Which process involves the movement of solvents through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration?

Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion
Active transport
Osmosis (correct)

Inappropriate administration of which solution can lead to increased serum Na levels?

Hypotonic saline solution
Isotonic saline solution
Hypertonic saline solution (correct)
Glucose solution

What is a common cause of dehydration in the elderly?

Decreased thirst center (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone oversecretion can lead to increased sodium retention?

Cortisol (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment for hyponatremia?

Give isotonic sodium-free fluid (5% dextrose in water) until the serum sodium level returns to normal (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can cause increased sodium retention?

Oversecretion of aldosterone (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the common signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?

Thirst, dry mucous membranes, and lethargy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can cause hypokalaemia?

Cell damage and hypoxia resulting in the release of potassium from inside the cell to the extracellular fluid (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment for severe hyperkalaemia?

Elevated K+ may be fatal so urgent correction is necessary. Management of underlying cause. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of hyponatraemia?

Vomiting or diarrhoea or excessive sweating (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sodium depletion on cells?

Alters the cell’s ability to depolarise and repolarise normally which affects neuronal and muscular action potentials (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of administering fluid replacement too quickly for hyponatraemia?

Cerebral oedema or death (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of mild hyperkalaemia?

Restlessness, intestinal cramping, and diarrhea (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the common signs and symptoms of hypokalaemia?

Muscle twitching, tremors hyperreflexia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Hypernatremia

A condition where serum sodium levels exceed 145 mmol/L, causing fluid movement out of cells.

Osmosis

The movement of solvents through a semi-permeable membrane from lower to higher solute concentration.