Fluid Balance Changes and Osmolality

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What is the primary effect of pathological water loss on the body?

Initial increase followed by decrease in concentration of the plasma space
No change in the concentration of the plasma space
Increased concentration of the plasma space (correct)
Decreased concentration of the plasma space

What is the most common mechanism for an increase in blood osmolality?

Increased output of fluids
Pathological gain of water by the body
Inadequate intake of fluids (correct)
Loss of protein from the body

What is the ultimate result of pathological water loss from the body?

Tissue-to-blood fluid shift (correct)
Blood-to-tissue fluid shift
No fluid shift
Bidirectional fluid shift

What is the sequence of events in the body when there is a pathological water loss?

Disease → Water loss from blood → Increased blood osmolality → Water loss from cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of the condition described by the step-by-step example of fluid shifts in the context of severe diarrhea?

Intestinal infection (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall result of pathological water loss from the body?

Dehydration (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the increase in fecal liquid in certain intestinal infections?

Disruption of the walls of millions of capillaries that line the intestines (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of direct mechanical trauma to cells?

Contusions, hematomas, abrasions, and lacerations (A) Signup and view all the answers

As water leaks from the local capillaries, what happens to the blood of the entire circulatory system?

It becomes more concentrated than the surrounding tissues (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate direction of fluid shift in this scenario?

From the tissue cells to the bloodstream (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hematopoietic system?

To give rise to different types of blood cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common outcome of injury and inflammation in various tissue?

Cell swelling and leakage (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of altered cell proliferation?

Disease processes such as cancer (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to intracellular substances when muscle cells are injured badly enough?

They are released into the surrounding tissue and eventually into the bloodstream (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the increased osmolality of the plasma compartment compared to the interstitial compartment?

Water is pulled into the plasma compartment (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rapid expansion of a cell population through multiplication or reproduction of cells?

Cellular proliferation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of creatine kinase (CK) in muscle cells?

It is an enzyme that catalyzes the transference of phosphate groups between ADP and ATP (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the tissue cells as a result of the fluid shift?

They become dehydrated and shrunken (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin?

To assess muscle damage and disease progression (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of blood cells in the body?

Bone marrow (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the state of 'dehydration' in nursespeak?

Fluid volume deficit (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ball of cells that develops from a fertilized egg in vitro?

Blastocyte (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of myoglobin in muscle cells?

It is a protein found in most muscle cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of inflammation in cellulitis?

Cells leak and malfunction (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is dysplasia characterized by?

Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why are dysplastic cells often referred to as 'pre-cancer' cells?

Because they are less differentiated than normal cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a PAP smear?

To reveal dysplastic cells of the cervix (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is immobility defined as?

An alteration in mobility as a result of an acute or chronic illness (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of immobility in the musculoskeletal system?

Muscle cells will shrink when no longer stimulated to do much work (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systems is NOT affected by immobility?

None of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers