Ch18 Fluid and Electrolytes Acid Base Balance

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Questions and Answers

What process describes the movement of water from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration?

Homeostasis

Osmosis (correct)

Filtration

Diffusion

What is required for the active transport of electrolytes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?

Osmotic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure (correct)

Pulse pressure

Blood pressure

How is the chemical activity of electrolytes expressed?

Moles

Milligrams

Milliequivalents (correct)

Liters

What is the average daily fluid intake and output range for a healthy adult?

2200 to 2700 mL/day Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte has the same combining power as 1 mEq of potassium?

1 mEq of hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum hourly urine output required for the kidneys to effectively remove waste?

30 mL Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during passive transport of oxygen into the lungs?

Diffusion into the intravascular compartment Signup and view all the answers

What does weighing a patient under the same conditions daily help to accurately assess?

Water balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant electrolyte in the body?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

After substances enter the body, which compartment must they enter to function properly?

Intracellular compartment Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport process does not require energy to move substances?

Both B and C Signup and view all the answers

What method involves the movement of inhaled oxygen into the blood vessels?

Passive transport Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure is associated with the movement of fluids in relation to the blood vessels?

Hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range for urinary output in a day for a healthy adult?

1000 to 2000 mL Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is necessary for the kidneys to function effectively in waste removal?

Regular hydration Signup and view all the answers

What occurs within the extracellular compartment after substances are ingested?

Transport to intracellular spaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected calcium level that indicates hypercalcemia?

5.8 mEq/L Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct carbonic acid to bicarbonate ratio for homeostasis?

1:20 Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a blood pH of 7.10 and normal oxygen readings, what condition might they be experiencing?

Metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with respiratory alkalosis?

Muscle weakness Signup and view all the answers

What might happen to a patient who is immobilized regarding calcium levels?

Development of kidney stones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of hypercalcemia?

Renal calculi Signup and view all the answers

In the context of acid-base balance, a blood pH below 7.35 is indicative of which type of acidosis?

Metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change is likely to occur during respiratory alkalosis?

Tachypnea Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of effectiveness for the blood buffers, lungs, and kidneys?

Blood buffers, lungs, and kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from hyperventilation due to extreme anxiety?

Respiratory alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely consequence of prolonged vomiting?

Metabolic alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

How quickly do blood buffers respond to changes in pH?

Seconds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in pH regulation?

Long-term modulation of acid-base balance Signup and view all the answers

Which vital sign increase is associated with respiratory alkalosis?

Increased respiratory rate Signup and view all the answers

What nursing intervention is important for a patient with metabolic acidosis?

Increasing fluid intake Signup and view all the answers

The lungs take how long to respond to pH changes?

Minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of deep-breathing exercises related to CO2 levels in the body?

It assists in blowing off CO2 and increasing pH. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following food pairs is rich in potassium?

Apricots and asparagus Signup and view all the answers

What are two examples of passive transport processes?

Osmosis and filtration Signup and view all the answers

Which systems serve as buffer systems in the body?

Bicarbonate/carbonic acid, respiratory, and renal systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum urine volume an adult with normal kidney function should void in 4 hours?

120 mL Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a type of passive transport?

Translocation Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing pH have on acidity in the body?

Decreases acidity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following food pairs has the lowest potassium content?

Apples and green beans Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fluid Intake and Output

Daily fluid intake and output is typically between 2200 to 2700 mL/day.
Typical urine output is between 1000 to 2000 mL/day.

Kidney Efficiency

The kidneys must produce at least 30 mL/h of urine output to eliminate waste products.

Water Balance

Weighing a patient at the same time of day, with the same scale and clothing, is a simple and accurate way to assess water balance.

Body Compartments

Substances entering the body first enter the extracellular compartment.
To carry out their functions, substances must then enter the intracellular compartment.

Transport Processes

Passive transport: The movement of substances across a membrane without energy expenditure.
- Diffusion: Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
- Osmosis: Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
- Filtration: Movement of water and small solutes across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.
Active transport: The movement of substances across a membrane with energy expenditure.
- Active transport requires hydrostatic pressure.

Electrolytes

Electrolytes are measured in milliequivalents (mEq).
1 mEq of any electrolyte is equal to 1 mEq of hydrogen.
Sodium is the most abundant electrolyte in the body.

Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia occurs when calcium levels exceed 5.8 mEq/L.
Can occur when calcium stored in bone is released into circulation (e.g., immobilized patients).
Risk factors: Renal calculi may develop due to high calcium levels.

Acid-Base Balance

Homeostasis of hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids depends on the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate in the extracellular fluid.
Normal ratio: 1 part carbonic acid to 20 parts bicarbonate.
Metabolic acidosis: Blood pH below 7.35, normal oxygen readings.
Respiratory alkalosis: Hyperventilation can cause this, with symptoms including tetany, muscle weakness, tachypnea, and cardiac arrhythmias.
Buffer systems:
- Bicarbonate/carbonic acid system
- Respiratory system
- Renal system

Nursing Interventions for Acid-Base Imbalances

Metabolic acidosis: Deep breathing exercises can help increase pH and reduce acidity.
Hyperventilation: Encourage slow, deep breaths to reduce CO2 loss.

Potassium-Rich Foods

Apricots and asparagus are high in potassium.

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Description

Test your knowledge on fluid intake and output, kidney efficiency, and water balance. This quiz covers the basics of how the kidneys manage fluids in the body and the processes involved in transportation across membranes.