Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What happens to a cell when it is surrounded by hypertonic fluid?

  • It remains the same size.
  • It increases its metabolic activity.
  • It shrinks and may eventually die. (correct)
  • It absorbs water and swells.

    • Which factors contribute to fluid moving from the capillaries into the tissues?

  • Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. (correct)
  • Increased plasma oncotic pressure.
  • Decreased interstitial oncotic pressure.
  • Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure.

    • What occurs when plasma oncotic pressure rises?

  • Fluid is drawn from the interstitial space into the plasma. (correct)
  • Fluid moves from the plasma into the capillaries.
  • It causes hypertonic conditions in tissues.
  • Fluid is retained in the tissues, causing edema.

    • What characterizes first spacing of fluid distribution?

    <p>Normal distribution of fluid in intracellular and extracellular compartments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of edema in tissues?

    <p>Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of body fluids in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Transporting nutrients and removing waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid compartment contains the majority of body water?

    <p>Intracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does body fat content affect water content in the body?

    <p>Higher fat content decreases water percentage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the fluid balance in older adults?

    <p>Increased risk for fluid imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as transcellular fluid?

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT influence body water content?

    <p>Exercise frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a primary function of extracellular fluid?

    <p>Transporting nutrients to cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is critical for the movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments?

    <p>Concentration gradient diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland?

    <p>Fluid deficit in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is primarily responsible for regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum urine output required for renal function in an average adult?

    <p>30 mL/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mineral corticoids like aldosterone play in fluid regulation?

    <p>Cause sodium retention and potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is activated due to decreased renal perfusion to the distal renal tubule?

    <p>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much insensible water loss occurs through vaporization from lungs and skin on average per day?

    <p>600 to 900 mL/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sites of action for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone?

    <p>Renal tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could result from severely impaired renal function?

    <p>Fluid overload and electrolyte imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a cation from an anion?

    <p>Cations are positively charged ions, while anions are negatively charged ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of electrolytes in the body?

    <p>To dissociate into ions and assist in maintaining electroneutrality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the movement of molecules from high to low concentration?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes active transport in the context of cell membrane function?

    <p>It relies on the use of cellular energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of osmosis, where does water move in relation to solute concentration?

    <p>From areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes a hypertonic solution?

    <p>It has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a cell being placed in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>The cell will swell and may burst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the sodium-potassium pump play in cellular function?

    <p>It regulates sodium and potassium levels across the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average recommended fluid intake for adults engaged in moderate activity and temperature?

    <p>2,500 – 3,000 mL/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor leading to reduced fluid intake in older adults?

    <p>Decreased thirst mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily urine output range for a healthy adult?

    <p>1,400 – 1,500 mL/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are maintenance fluids typically hypotonic solutions?

    <p>They dilute extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does age-related hormonal change affect fluid balance in older adults?

    <p>Decrease in renin and aldosterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid is 0.45% Sodium Chloride classified as?

    <p>Hypotonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average sodium intake in the United States compared to the suggested maximum intake?

    <p>Recommended intake is always exceeded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes insensible fluid loss in the human body?

    <p>Breathing and skin evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis

    • Body fluids and electrolytes maintain homeostasis, the stable internal environment of the body.
    • Body fluids transport nutrients, electrolytes, and oxygen to cells and remove waste products.
    • Water content constitutes 50% to 60% of body weight in adults, decreasing to 45% in older adults, making them more susceptible to fluid imbalances.
    • Body fat content reduces water percentage, while lean muscle mass has a higher water percentage.

    Fluid Compartments

    • Intracellular fluid (ICF) is located within cells.
    • Extracellular fluid (ECF) is located outside cells.
      • Interstitial fluid is between cells and lymph.
      • Intravascular (plasma) fluid is the fluid portion of blood.
      • Transcellular fluid includes cerebrospinal, gastrointestinal, pleural, synovial, peritoneal, intraocular, and pericardial fluid.

    Electrolytes

    • Electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ions, electrically charged particles.
    • Cations are positively charged ions, including sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+).
    • Anions are negatively charged ions, including bicarbonate (HCO3-), chloride (Cl-), and phosphate (PO43-).

    Mechanisms of Fluid and Electrolyte Movement

    • Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, stopping when concentrations equalize.
    • Facilitated diffusion uses a protein carrier in the cell membrane to move molecules unable to pass through the membrane.
      • Example: Glucose transport into the cell.
    • Active transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient, from low to high concentration.
      • Example: Sodium-potassium pump, using ATP to move sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
    • Osmosis is the movement of water against the concentration gradient, from a less concentrated side (more water) to a more concentrated side (less water).
    • Osmolality or Tonicity refers to the concentration of solutes in a solution relative to cells:
      • Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than cells.
      • Isotonic solutions have the same osmolality as the cell interior.
      • Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration than cells.

    Fluid Shifts

    • Capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial oncotic pressure push water out of capillaries into tissues.
    • Plasma oncotic pressure and interstitial hydrostatic pressure pull fluid into capillaries.
    • Abnormal fluid shifts can occur due to changes in these pressures, resulting in either edema or dehydration.

    Fluid Spacing

    • First spacing refers to the normal distribution of fluid within ICF and ECF compartments.
    • Second spacing is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema).
    • Third spacing is an abnormal trapping of fluid, making it unavailable for functional use. Example: Ascites, fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity.

    Regulation of Water Balance

    • Hypothalamic-pituitary regulation: Receptors in the hypothalamus sense fluid deficits or increases, stimulating thirst and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release from the pituitary gland when there is a deficit. Water excess suppresses ADH release.
    • Renal regulation: Kidneys regulate fluid and electrolyte balance by adjusting urine volume, selectively reabsorbing water and electrolytes.
      • Renal tubules involve the action of ADH and aldosterone.
      • The average adult produces 1.5 L of urine per day.
      • Minimum requirement for renal function is 30 ml/hr.
      • Severe impairment inhibits maintaining balance, leading to edema, potassium and phosphorus retention, acidosis, and other electrolyte imbalances.
    • Adrenal cortical regulation: Adrenal glands release hormones like mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) to regulate water and electrolytes.
      • Aldosterone promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion, leading to water retention with sodium.
      • Decreased renal perfusion activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
    • Insensible water loss: Invisible vaporization from lungs and skin, leading to a loss of 600 to 900 ml/day without electrolyte loss.
      • Excessive sweating can cause significant water and electrolyte loss.

    I+O (Intake and Output)

    • Fluid intake:
      • About 2,500-3,000 ml/day with moderate activity and temperature.
      • Food contributes to intake.
      • Thirst is regulated by the hypothalamus.
    • Fluid output:
      • 1,400-1,500 ml/day of urine, with a minimum of 30 ml/hr required.
      • Insensible loss through skin and lungs.
      • Feces contribute to output.

    Genetic and Lifespan Considerations

    • Recommended sodium intake is ≤1,500-2,300 mg/day.
    • Average sodium intake in the United States is >3,400 mg/day.

    Gerontological Considerations

    • Structural changes in kidneys: Decreases in water conservation ability.
    • Hormonal changes: Reduced renin and aldosterone, increased ADH.
    • Loss of subcutaneous tissue: Increases moisture loss.
    • Reduced thirst mechanism: Leads to decreased fluid intake.
    • Functional changes: Affect ability to independently obtain fluids.
    • Musculoskeletal changes: Stiffness can hinder holding a glass or cup.
    • Mental status changes: Confusion or disorientation can affect fluid acquisition.
    • Incontinence: May lead to intentionally restricting fluid intake, increasing risk of fluid deficit.

    IV Fluids

    • Purposes:
      • Maintenance: When oral intake is insufficient.
      • Replacement: When losses have occurred.
    • Types of fluids: Categorized by tonicity.
      • Tonicity refers to the osmotic pressure of fluid relative to the electrolyte concentration.
    • Fluid classifications: Hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic.

    IV Fluids by Tonicity

    • Hypotonic: Fluids with more water than electrolytes, diluting the ECF.
      • Often used as maintenance fluids, as normal daily losses are hypotonic.
    • Isotonic: Fluids with the same tonicity as the blood.
      • Example: 0.9% Sodium Chloride (Normal Saline).
    • Hypertonic: Fluids with more electrolytes than water, drawing water from the cells into the ECF.
      • Can be used to treat certain conditions, but must be closely monitored.

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    NURS 1060: Fluid and Electrolytes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on fluid and electrolyte balance within the human body. This quiz covers the composition of body fluids, the differences between intracellular and extracellular fluid, and the role of electrolytes in maintaining homeostasis. Perfect for students of biology and health sciences!

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