Fluid and Electrolyte Balance & Pregnancy Hypertension
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of water in the body's metabolism?

  • Production of energy
  • Storage of fat
  • Absorption of vitamins
  • Hydrolysis of nutrients (correct)
  • Which compartment contains the majority of the body's water?

  • Intracellular fluid (correct)
  • Intravascular fluid
  • Extracellular fluid
  • Interstitial fluid
  • What percentage of body weight does water typically constitute in normal adults?

  • 70%–80%
  • 80%–90%
  • 50%–60% (correct)
  • 30%–40%
  • Which of these is NOT a function of water in the human body?

    <p>Storing genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of water intake for humans?

    <p>Drinking water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a positive fluid balance lead to in the body?

    <p>Increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water contribute to the human body's acid-base balance?

    <p>By acting as a buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically the consequence of prolonged water depletion in the body?

    <p>Electrolyte imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ADH in fluid balance?

    <p>It causes kidneys to reabsorb water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when sodium levels in extracellular fluid are reduced?

    <p>Water flows from extracellular fluid into cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aldosterone contribute to fluid and electrolyte balance?

    <p>It increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average fluid requirement for an adult based on calorie consumption?

    <p>1 mL for every calorie consumed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of excessive water retention in the body?

    <p>Increased extracellular fluid volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor influences the amount of water an adult requires daily?

    <p>Age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does thirst contribute to fluid balance in a healthy person?

    <p>It encourages fluid intake to maintain hydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when sodium is replaced in the extracellular fluid?

    <p>Edema is relieved as excess water moves back.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary characteristics of pregnancy-induced hypertension?

    <p>High blood pressure, protein in the urine, and edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by convulsions, coma, and potential mortality for both mother and infant?

    <p>Pregnancy-induced hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to a higher incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension?

    <p>First pregnancies, multifetal pregnancies, and morbidly obese mothers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of anemia?

    <p>Iron-deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pica refer to in the context of pregnancy?

    <p>The craving for nonfood substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of neglecting to discourage soil ingestion in pregnant women with pica?

    <p>Nutritional deficiencies and contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a noted effect of fetal alcohol syndrome?

    <p>Increased intelligence quotient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Folate deficiency in pregnant women may lead to which condition?

    <p>Megaloblastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

    • The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to excrete ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or vasopressin.
    • ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb water.
    • Thirst causes a healthy person to drink fluids.
    • When sodium in the extracellular fluid is reduced, water flows from the extracellular fluid into cells, causing cellular edema.
    • Adrenal glands secrete aldosterone, which triggers kidneys to increase the amount of sodium reabsorbed.
    • When sodium is replaced in the extracellular fluid, excess water moves back to the extracellular fluid, and edema is relieved.
    • The amount of water used varies depending on age, size, activity, environmental temperature, and physical condition.
    • The average adult requirement is 1 mL for every calorie of food consumed.

    Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension

    • Formerly called pre-eclampsia or toxemia.
    • Characterized by high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and edema in the third trimester.
    • May progress into the eclamptic stage with convulsions, coma, and possible death of the mother and infant.
    • Higher incidence during the first pregnancy, multifetal pregnancies, morbidly obese mothers, or those with inadequate diets, especially protein deficient.

    Pica

    • Pica is the craving for nonfood substances such as starch, clay (soil) or ice.
    • Ingestion of soil should be discouraged due to possible contamination and nutrient deficiencies.
    • Multiple nutritional deficiencies can result from pica.

    Anemia

    • Anemia is a condition caused by an insufficiency of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or blood volume.
    • Causes weakness, fatigue, poor appetite, and pallor.
    • Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common form.
    • Folate deficiency may lead to megaloblastic anemia and is prevented by folate supplements.

    Alcohol, Caffeine, Drugs, and Tobacco

    • Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is characterized by a growth deficiency, central nervous system dysfunction, microcephaly (small head), and other physical characteristics.
    • Fetal alcohol effect (FAE) causes fewer physical defects, but many behavioral and psychosocial problems.

    Water

    • Humans can live about 30-45 days without food.
    • Humans can live only 10-14 days without water.
    • Water is present in all body cells.
    • Water is 50%-60% of the body weight of normal adults.
    • The percentage is highest in newborns and decreases with age.
    • Two basic compartments:
      • Intracellular fluid (ICF): within cells, 65% of total body fluid.
      • Extracellular fluid (ECF): outside cells, 35% of total body fluid, found in intravascular fluid, interstitial fluid, and glandular secretions.
    • Major component of blood plasma
    • Solvent for nutrients and waste products.
    • Necessary for hydrolysis of nutrients.
    • Essential for metabolism.
    • Lubricant in joints and digestion.
    • Cools the body through perspiration.
    • Provides some mineral elements.
    • Drinking water is the best source.
    • Other beverages are the second-best source.
    • Other sources include fruits, vegetables, soups, milk, and gelatin desserts.
    • Energy metabolism produces water.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts related to fluid and electrolyte balance, including the role of ADH and aldosterone. It also discusses pregnancy-induced hypertension, its symptoms, and consequences. Understand how these elements affect health and hydration.

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