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Questions and Answers
A programming language is a set of instructions that enables the computer to solve a problem or perform a task designed by hardware engineers.
False
High-level programming languages directly translate into machine code without the need for a compiler or interpreter.
False
Python is one of the popular programming languages mentioned in the text.
True
All programming languages have elements like Keywords, Variables, and Procedures in common.
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Visual Basic is considered a low-level programming language.
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Creating a sequence of instructions using a programming language enables a computer to perform certain tasks.
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In an information system flowchart, different symbols are used to draw each type of flowchart.
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A diamond symbol in a flowchart denotes an output operation.
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A parallelogram in a program flowchart denotes the beginning or end of the program.
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Hybrid symbols in flowcharts emphasize individual steps and their interconnections.
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The example provided in the text shows a step-by-step process involving input, calculation, and decision-making.
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Pseudo code is a formal language that is very different from everyday English.
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A typical programming task can be divided into three phases.
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The final grade calculation algorithm considers the average of six marks.
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In the detailed algorithm, the final grade is determined by comparing the average to 40 instead of 50.
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A flowchart is typically used as a graphical representation of a sequence of operations in an information system or program.
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Pseudo code helps programmers develop algorithms by providing a formal language structure.
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Study Notes
Flowcharts
- Show how data flows from source documents through the computer to final distribution to users
- Two types: information system flowcharts and program flowcharts
- Use different symbols to draw each type of flowchart
Flowchart Symbols
- Oval: denotes the beginning or end of the program
- Parallelogram: denotes an input operation
- Rectangle: denotes a process to be carried out (e.g. addition, subtraction, division)
- Diamond: denotes a decision (or branch) to be made
- Hybrid: denotes an output operation
- Flow line: denotes the direction of logic flow in the program
Computer Programming
- Creating a sequence of instructions using any programming languages to enable the computer to do something
- A set of instructions that enables the computer to solve a problem or perform a task designed by a programming language
Programming Languages
- A set of rules that provides a way of telling a computer what operations to perform
- A special language used to write computer programs
- A tool for developing executable models for a class of problem domains
- Examples: Visual Basic, C#, C, C++, Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript
Levels of Programming Languages
- High-level program: uses a high-level language that is easy to read and write, but not directly executable by the computer
- Executable Machine code: uses a low-level language that is directly executable by the computer
Elements of a Program
- Keywords (Reserved Words)
- Operators
- Variables
- Syntax
- Statements
- Procedures
- Comments (Remarks)
Algorithms and Flowcharts
- A typical programming task involves two phases: problem solving and implementation
- Problem solving phase: produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe the solution of a problem (algorithm)
- Implementation phase: implement the program in some programming language
Steps in Problem Solving
- Produce a general algorithm (possibly using pseudo code)
- Refine the algorithm to get a step-by-step detailed algorithm close to a computer language
Pseudo Code and Algorithm
- Pseudo code: an artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms
- Example algorithm: determining a student's final grade and indicating whether it is passing or failing
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Description
Test your knowledge on information system flowcharts and program flowcharts. Learn about the different types of flowcharts and symbols used to represent data flow and program logic. Identify how flowcharts emphasize individual steps and their interconnections.
