Flow Measurement

Flow Measurement = Measuring volume or mass over time Flow = Response to an applied force Custody Transfer = Transfer fluid for money Flowmeter Installation = Straight pipe, minimizes turbulence

Flow Straightener = Eliminates turbulence Reynold’s Numbers = Ratio of liquid inertia force to drag Turbulence = Reynold’s number over 4000 Volumetric Flow Rate, Flow Velocity, Mass Flow Rate = Change Flow Rate

Fluid Flow Measurement = Velocity, Density, Viscosity 5 Types of Flow Meters = Differential Pressure, Positive Displacement, Velocity, Mass, Electronic Differential Flowmeter = Flow Nozzle, Venturi Tube, Orifice Plate 4 Types of Orifice Plate = Concentric, Eccentric, Segmental, (Cononical, Edged, Quadrant)

Flashing = Formation of gas or vapor bubbles Cavitation = Collapse of bubbles to liquid state Vena Contracta = Lowest point of pressure Potentiometer and Tachometer = (Variable Area Flowmeter)

Positive Displacement Flowmeter = Mechanically makes direct measurements, subject to wear problems Electronic Flowmeters = Thermal, Mass, Coriolis, Electromagnetic, Vortex Electromagnetic = Uses Faraday’s Law, Non-ferrous conductor Positional Measurements = Distance, Velocity, Acceleration

Speed = Scalar Velocity = Vector Acceleration = Change in an object's velocity Tachometer = Measure angular velocity of a shaft, DC Generator and Toothed Rotor Tachometer

LVDT = Linear Variable Differential Transducer Encoders = Incremental and Absolute 2 Track Incremental Encoder = Quadrature Absolute is an optical Encoder = Gray Code