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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the Flammephotometer?
What is the primary purpose of the Flammephotometer?
- To determine the pH level of solutions
- To measure light intensity from a sample (correct)
- To measure temperature in samples
- To analyze the viscosity of liquids
How should the results for $Na^-$ be calculated after dilution?
How should the results for $Na^-$ be calculated after dilution?
- Multiply the result by 100 (correct)
- Multiply the result by 10
- Divide the result by 100
- Add 100 to the result
Why is a calibration curve necessary for the Flammephotometer's function?
Why is a calibration curve necessary for the Flammephotometer's function?
- To create a linear relationship between light intensity and voltage
- To determine the concentrations of unknown samples directly
- To ensure that samples are diluted properly
- To account for the non-linear relationship between light intensity and voltage (correct)
In the calibration table, what is the concentration of $K^+$ corresponding to 0.75 mmol/l of $Na^+$?
In the calibration table, what is the concentration of $K^+$ corresponding to 0.75 mmol/l of $Na^+$?
Which component is NOT part of the Flammephotometer?
Which component is NOT part of the Flammephotometer?
What serum sodium value indicates hypernatremia?
What serum sodium value indicates hypernatremia?
Which condition is most commonly associated with hyponatremia?
Which condition is most commonly associated with hyponatremia?
What is a common cause of hypernatremia?
What is a common cause of hypernatremia?
How does hyponatremia typically develop?
How does hyponatremia typically develop?
What is a characteristic feature of hypernatremia symptoms?
What is a characteristic feature of hypernatremia symptoms?
What is the correct pressure setting for the compressed air system in flamphotometry?
What is the correct pressure setting for the compressed air system in flamphotometry?
How should the gas flame be adjusted after igniting methane gas?
How should the gas flame be adjusted after igniting methane gas?
What is the first action to take before measuring the unknown solution?
What is the first action to take before measuring the unknown solution?
To determine the concentration of the unknown solution, what method is used?
To determine the concentration of the unknown solution, what method is used?
What is the normal range for sodium (Na) levels in plasma?
What is the normal range for sodium (Na) levels in plasma?
What medical condition is most commonly associated with hyperkalemia?
What medical condition is most commonly associated with hyperkalemia?
Which of the following can cause hypokalemia?
Which of the following can cause hypokalemia?
Which of the following best describes hyperkalemia?
Which of the following best describes hyperkalemia?
What is the primary role of Na+ and K+ ions in the body?
What is the primary role of Na+ and K+ ions in the body?
What does flame photometry primarily measure?
What does flame photometry primarily measure?
What wavelength of light does sodium emit when heated in flame photometry?
What wavelength of light does sodium emit when heated in flame photometry?
How does flame photometry determine ion concentration?
How does flame photometry determine ion concentration?
What component of the Carl-Zeiss-Jena flame photometer atomizes the sample?
What component of the Carl-Zeiss-Jena flame photometer atomizes the sample?
What is the role of specialized filters in flame photometry?
What is the role of specialized filters in flame photometry?
Which ion is primarily found inside cells, as opposed to outside?
Which ion is primarily found inside cells, as opposed to outside?
What happens to the ion concentration if the intensity of emitted light increases in flame photometry?
What happens to the ion concentration if the intensity of emitted light increases in flame photometry?
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Study Notes
Flame Photometry Method
- Measures the intensity of light emitted by an element when heated in a flame.
- Light intensity is directly proportional to the element's concentration.
- Used to determine ion concentrations in biological fluids like blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.
- Sodium emits orange light at 589 nm, while potassium emits violet-red light at 766 nm.
- A photocell measures the light intensity and converts it to an electrical signal.
Carl-Zeiss-Jena Flame Photometer
- Features an air compressor and a Venturi-type nebulizer.
- The nebulizer atomizes the sample, mixes it with methane gas, and ignites it.
- The intensity of the emitted light is measured by a photocell.
- A concave mirror reflects the light for accurate measurement.
Calibration
- The relationship between light intensity and voltage is not perfectly linear.
- Multiple solutions with known concentrations of sodium and potassium are used to create a calibration curve.
- The resulting standard curves are used to determine unknown concentrations.
Laboratory Procedure
- Dilute biological samples for sodium and potassium analysis: 100x for sodium and 10x for potassium.
- The instrument measures the light intensity from the diluted sample.
- Multiply the measured values by 100 for sodium and 10 for potassium to get the correct results.
Normal Values
- Normal sodium (Na) concentration: 135-145 mmol/L.
- Normal potassium (K) concentration: 3.5-5.0 mmol/L.
Hyperkalemia (High Potassium)
- Defined as potassium levels above 5.0-5.5 mmol/L.
- Commonly occurs in kidney failure.
- Can be caused by certain medications, significant tissue damage, and large blood transfusions.
Hypokalemia (Low Potassium)
- Represents a serious electrolyte imbalance.
- Can occur due to kidney disease, excessive loss (profuse sweating, repeated vomiting, diarrhea), or certain medications.
Hypernatremia (High Sodium)
- Sodium levels above 145 mmol/L.
- Develops slowly, often due to dehydration or high salt intake.
Hyponatremia (Low Sodium)
- Sodium levels below 135 mmol/L.
- Develops gradually, often over weeks, and may initially be symptom-free.
- More common in individuals with heart failure treated with loop diuretics, and in children due to excessive water intake.
Standard Curves for Na+ and K+
- Standard curves are created for both sodium and potassium to determine unknown concentrations.
- The x-axis of the graphs represents the concentration in mmol/L.
- The standard curves are used to determine the concentration of unknown samples by interpolating the measured voltage values.
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