Podcast
Questions and Answers
What line is 100 km (62 miles) above Earth's surface?
What line is 100 km (62 miles) above Earth's surface?
Karman Line
What line is 100 km (62 miles) above mean sea level?
What line is 100 km (62 miles) above mean sea level?
USSPACECOM domain
What line is 500-1000 km (310-620 miles) above Earth's surface?
What line is 500-1000 km (310-620 miles) above Earth's surface?
Exobase
What is the sun's composition?
What is the sun's composition?
The ________ rotates like a solid and is where fusion occurs.
The ________ rotates like a solid and is where fusion occurs.
The _______________ rotates like a fluid and radiates energy.
The _______________ rotates like a fluid and radiates energy.
The _________________ rotates like a fluid and transfers heat through convection.
The _________________ rotates like a fluid and transfers heat through convection.
The _________________ is also known as the 'surface' and is responsible for 99% of solar radiation.
The _________________ is also known as the 'surface' and is responsible for 99% of solar radiation.
The _________________ has 4 sublayers, all of which are only visible during an eclipse.
The _________________ has 4 sublayers, all of which are only visible during an eclipse.
The _______________ generates magnetic field lines and stores magnetic flux.
The _______________ generates magnetic field lines and stores magnetic flux.
The _______________________________ consists of a solar minimum and solar maximum.
The _______________________________ consists of a solar minimum and solar maximum.
___________________________ is referred to as 'Quiet Sun.'
___________________________ is referred to as 'Quiet Sun.'
____________________________ is referred to as 'active sun.'
____________________________ is referred to as 'active sun.'
What are Solar Hazards?
What are Solar Hazards?
_____________________________ is a stream of charged particles released from the Corona.
_____________________________ is a stream of charged particles released from the Corona.
___________________________________ is a sudden burst of high energy particles and radiation.
___________________________________ is a sudden burst of high energy particles and radiation.
_______________________________________ are high energy particles emanating from the Sun outside the standard solar wind.
_______________________________________ are high energy particles emanating from the Sun outside the standard solar wind.
A _________________________________ is a massive cloud of energetic, magnetized solar plasma launched into space.
A _________________________________ is a massive cloud of energetic, magnetized solar plasma launched into space.
How many days does it take for a solar wind to arrive?
How many days does it take for a solar wind to arrive?
How long does it take for a solar flare to arrive?
How long does it take for a solar flare to arrive?
How long does it take for solar energetic particles to arrive?
How long does it take for solar energetic particles to arrive?
How long does it take for a CME to arrive?
How long does it take for a CME to arrive?
Earth's magnetic field, also known as a geomagnetic field is the ______________________.
Earth's magnetic field, also known as a geomagnetic field is the ______________________.
What happens in the magnetosphere?
What happens in the magnetosphere?
The _____________________________ is populated by trapped charged particles from the sun.
The _____________________________ is populated by trapped charged particles from the sun.
The __________________ of the Van Allen belts is populated by trapped solar wind electrons.
The __________________ of the Van Allen belts is populated by trapped solar wind electrons.
The ___________________ of the Van Allen Belts is populated by protons from geomagnetic storms.
The ___________________ of the Van Allen Belts is populated by protons from geomagnetic storms.
The ______________ consists of plasma (positive ions and free electrons).
The ______________ consists of plasma (positive ions and free electrons).
What layer of the earth's atmosphere is responsible for scintillation?
What layer of the earth's atmosphere is responsible for scintillation?
How often does scintillation occur? Is it localized?
How often does scintillation occur? Is it localized?
What effects does scintillation have on the ionosphere?
What effects does scintillation have on the ionosphere?
What layer of the earth's atmosphere is responsible for the aurora borealis and australis?
What layer of the earth's atmosphere is responsible for the aurora borealis and australis?
How is the intensity and location of an aurora determined?
How is the intensity and location of an aurora determined?
Three categories of space weather storms?
Three categories of space weather storms?
What are radio blackouts caused by?
What are radio blackouts caused by?
What are solar radiation storms caused by?
What are solar radiation storms caused by?
What are geomagnetic storms caused by?
What are geomagnetic storms caused by?
What do radio blackouts affect?
What do radio blackouts affect?
What do solar radiation storms impact?
What do solar radiation storms impact?
What do geomagnetic storms impact?
What do geomagnetic storms impact?
What are the 3 space vacuum hazards?
What are the 3 space vacuum hazards?
What are the 3 spacecraft charging hazards?
What are the 3 spacecraft charging hazards?
___________________ occurs when space objects collide with atmospheric molecules, causing a transfer in kinetic energy.
___________________ occurs when space objects collide with atmospheric molecules, causing a transfer in kinetic energy.
_______________ occurs when plastics/composites release trapped gases (volatiles).
_______________ occurs when plastics/composites release trapped gases (volatiles).
How to mitigate outgassing?
How to mitigate outgassing?
________________________ occurs when there is no atmosphere to act as a lubricant between mechanical parts.
________________________ occurs when there is no atmosphere to act as a lubricant between mechanical parts.
How do you minimize cold welding?
How do you minimize cold welding?
_____________________________ is when conduction, convection, or radiation occur.
_____________________________ is when conduction, convection, or radiation occur.
How to mitigate heat transfer?
How to mitigate heat transfer?
___________________________ occurs when particles contact spacecraft at high speeds.
___________________________ occurs when particles contact spacecraft at high speeds.
________________________ occurs when a charged particle makes a deep penetration of the spacecraft.
________________________ occurs when a charged particle makes a deep penetration of the spacecraft.
___________________________________________________ is long-term damage to the crystal structure of semiconductors within a spacecraft's computer caused by electrons in the solar wind.
___________________________________________________ is long-term damage to the crystal structure of semiconductors within a spacecraft's computer caused by electrons in the solar wind.
How to mitigate spacecraft charging?
How to mitigate spacecraft charging?
Until what altitude does atmospheric drag remain a concern?
Until what altitude does atmospheric drag remain a concern?
How to mitigate atmospheric drag?
How to mitigate atmospheric drag?
What is the Satellite Operations Center?
What is the Satellite Operations Center?
What are 3 capabilities of Remote Tracking Station (RTS)?
What are 3 capabilities of Remote Tracking Station (RTS)?
What is Uplink?
What is Uplink?
What is Downlink?
What is Downlink?
What is Ranging?
What is Ranging?
What are the 21 SOPS units?
What are the 21 SOPS units?
What are the 23 SOPS units?
What are the 23 SOPS units?
What does COOK refer to?
What does COOK refer to?
What does REEF refer to?
What does REEF refer to?
What does GUAM refer to?
What does GUAM refer to?
What does HULA refer to?
What does HULA refer to?
What does BOSS refer to?
What does BOSS refer to?
What does POGO refer to?
What does POGO refer to?
What does LION refer to?
What does LION refer to?
What are the Delta 6 Segments?
What are the Delta 6 Segments?
What does Communications refer to?
What does Communications refer to?
What does Network Management refer to?
What does Network Management refer to?
What does Range refer to?
What does Range refer to?
The __________________________ receives commands, routes them to the appropriate subsystem, and then transmits telemetry and mission data back to the RTS.
The __________________________ receives commands, routes them to the appropriate subsystem, and then transmits telemetry and mission data back to the RTS.
______________________________ is communicating with the SV through the TT&C subsystem.
______________________________ is communicating with the SV through the TT&C subsystem.
________________________________ is communicating with the SV through the Payload.
________________________________ is communicating with the SV through the Payload.
______________________ is utilizing a satellite as a relay for uplink and/or downlink.
______________________ is utilizing a satellite as a relay for uplink and/or downlink.
What is the difference between Bus and Payload?
What is the difference between Bus and Payload?
What subsystem enables the satellite to send (telemetry) and receive (commands) data?
What subsystem enables the satellite to send (telemetry) and receive (commands) data?
Components of TT&C include?
Components of TT&C include?
What is telemetry?
What is telemetry?
What is tracking?
What is tracking?
What is command?
What is command?
What are the brains of the satellite?
What are the brains of the satellite?
Components of CD&H include?
Components of CD&H include?
What are the two parts of the CD&H?
What are the two parts of the CD&H?
What is the function of the command decoder?
What is the function of the command decoder?
What is the function of the data handling unit?
What is the function of the data handling unit?
What ranges and regulates a process output based on inputs into the process?
What ranges and regulates a process output based on inputs into the process?
What is the difference between open loop and closed loop controls?
What is the difference between open loop and closed loop controls?
What are the steps to open loop controls?
What are the steps to open loop controls?
What are the steps to closed loop controls?
What are the steps to closed loop controls?
What subsystem is responsible for satellite attitude control?
What subsystem is responsible for satellite attitude control?
What subsystem is responsible for satellite orbit control?
What subsystem is responsible for satellite orbit control?
What subsystem controls satellite rotation and ensures correct antenna direction?
What subsystem controls satellite rotation and ensures correct antenna direction?
Components of ADCS include?
Components of ADCS include?
Attitude determination must be performed?
Attitude determination must be performed?
We determine attitude through?
We determine attitude through?
What are ADCS Sensors 'eyes'?
What are ADCS Sensors 'eyes'?
What are ADCS sensor 'ears'?
What are ADCS sensor 'ears'?
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Study Notes
Space and Solar Terminology
- Karman Line: Located 100 km (62 miles) above Earth's surface, defining the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and space.
- USSPACECOM Domain: Refers to the line 100 km (62 miles) above mean sea level.
- Exobase: The line defined as 500-1000 km (310-620 miles) above Earth's surface.
Sun’s Composition and Structure
- Composition: The sun is made up of 74.9% Hydrogen, 23.8% Helium, and 1.3% miscellaneous gases.
- Core: The part of the sun where fusion occurs and it rotates like a solid.
- Radiative Zone: Rotates like a fluid, responsible for radiating energy.
- Convective Zone: Transfers heat through convection and rotates like a fluid.
- Photosphere: Known as the "surface" of the sun, it accounts for 99% of solar radiation.
- Atmosphere: Contains four sublayers visible only during eclipses.
Solar Cycle and Solar Phenomena
- Solar Cycle: Comprises a solar minimum and solar maximum.
- Solar Minimum: Described as "Quiet Sun" conditions.
- Solar Maximum: Known as "Active Sun", characterized by increased solar activity.
- Solar Hazards: Include solar wind, solar flares, solar energetic particles, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).
Solar Events and Their Impact
- Solar Wind: Charged particle stream from the Sun, reaching Earth in about 3 days, causing auroras and affecting comet trails.
- Solar Flare: Sudden energy bursts resulting in high-energy particles and radiation, arriving in 8 minutes.
- Solar Energetic Particles: High-energy particles emitted from the Sun, arriving in about 15 to 24 hours.
- Coronal Mass Ejection: A massive cloud of energized solar plasma launched into space, typically arriving in 3 to 4 days.
Earth's Magnetosphere and Belts
- Magnetosphere: Earth's magnetic field that interacts with solar wind, created by the movement of Earth's liquid metal core.
- Van Allen Belts: Regions populated by trapped solar particles; outer belt contains less stable solar wind electrons, while inner belt is more stable and populated by protons from geomagnetic storms.
Ionosphere and Scintillation
- Ionosphere: Composed of plasma (positive ions and free electrons), responsible for phenomena like scintillation and auroras.
- Scintillation: Occurs daily and is very localized, causing signal fading and data dropouts for satellite communications and GPS.
Space Weather and Its Effects
- Categories of Space Weather Storms: Includes radio blackouts, solar radiation storms, and geomagnetic storms.
- Radio Blackouts: Caused by solar flares, affecting communications, especially in airline and military sectors.
- Solar Radiation Storms: Result from SEPs, impacting communications and astronaut safety.
- Geomagnetic Storms: Triggered by CMEs, leading to damage in satellite components and navigation disruptions.
Spacecraft Hazards and Mitigation
- Vacuum Hazards: Include outgassing, cold welding, and heat transfer.
- Spacecraft Charging Hazards: Sputtering, single event upset, and total ionizing dose effect.
- Mitigation Techniques:
- Outgassing: Use baking in a vacuum to reduce trapped gases.
- Cold Welding: Minimize moving parts and select appropriate lubricants.
- Heat Transfer: Use radiation for heat dissipation and design materials to act as heat sinks.
Satellite Operations and Systems
- Satellite Operations Center: Manages satellite control, location calculations, command uplink, and maintenance tasks.
- Remote Tracking Station (RTS): Performs uplink, downlink, and ranging functions for satellite command and tracking.
- Telemetry, Tracking, and Commanding Subsystem (TT&C): Essential for satellite data transmission and reception. Components include transmitters, receivers, and antennas.
Command and Data Handling
- CD&H Subsystem: Contains a CPU, memory, links, and software, and includes a command decoder and data handling unit.
- Control Subsystems: Range and regulate outputs based on inputs; components include controllers, sensors, and instruments.
Attitude and Orbit Control
- Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem (ADCS): Manages satellite orientation and ensures antennas are properly aligned.
- Guidance, Navigation, and Control Subsystem (GNC): Oversees satellite orbit trajectory.
- Sensors: Instruments like gyroscopes and magnetometers help determine satellite positioning and attitude.
Orbits and Communication Techniques
- Open Loop vs. Closed Loop Control: Closed loop includes feedback; open loop follows a linear flow without feedback.
- Communication Types:
- Out of Band: Uses telemetry for commands.
- In-Band: Communicates through payload.
- Crosslink: Uses a satellite as a relay for data transfers.
These notes summarize core concepts and terminologies associated with space, solar dynamics, and satellite operations.
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