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Questions and Answers

What are point sources of water pollution?

  • Stormwater runoff
  • Household waste
  • Agriculture
  • Municipal sewage (correct)
  • Nonpoint sources of water pollution are primarily agricultural.

    True

    What negative impact can decomposing organic waste have on aquatic life?

    It uses the oxygen necessary for aquatic plants and animals.

    Which U.S. region gained manufacturing jobs from 1950 to 2010?

    <p>South</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define right-to-work laws.

    <p>Require a factory to maintain an 'open shop' where workers cannot be forced to join a union.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are southern right-to-work states attractive to companies?

    <p>They signal that antiunion attitudes are tolerated and supported.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which western European country has seen the most rapid manufacturing growth since joining the European Union?

    <p>Spain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do transnational corporations transfer work to less developed countries (LDCs)?

    <p>It can be performed by low-paid, low-skilled workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide an example of an industry that outsources.

    <p>iPhones; most cost in parts made by skilled workers in Japan, Germany, and South Korea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Maquiladoras?

    <p>Plants located near the U.S.-Mexican border receiving tax breaks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two major fears regarding North American industry integration?

    <p>Manufacturers relocating to Mexico for lower rates; environmental concerns over lax standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefits do manufacturers receive from just-in-time delivery?

    <p>Reduces wasteful inventory and factory space requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Break of Bulk?

    <p>A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Bulk-Gaining Industry?

    <p>An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Bulk-Reducing Industry?

    <p>An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was/is the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Cottage Industry?

    <p>Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Fordist Production?

    <p>Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Post-Fordist Production?

    <p>A world economic system characterized by a more flexible set of production practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Vertical Integration?

    <p>Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from raw materials to distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Just-In-Time Delivery?

    <p>Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

    <p>In the United Kingdom in the late 1700s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the iron industry benefit from the steam engine?

    <p>Iron was difficult to produce because ovens had to be constantly reheated, which the steam engine could do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the principal source of energy for steam engines?

    <p>Coal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two forms of transportation grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>First canals and then railroads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Industrial Revolution change the textile industry?

    <p>Production was transformed during the late 18th century; machines were introduced to increase efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the world's industrial producers concentrated?

    <p>In Europe, North America, and East Asia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area in Europe dominated production of steel and textiles in the 19th century?

    <p>The United Kingdom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is significant about the Mid Rhine area in Europe?

    <p>It is the most centrally located industrial area in Germany.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the fastest-growing manufacturing area during the late 20th century in Europe?

    <p>Northeastern Spain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Volga region contain?

    <p>Russia's largest petroleum and natural gas fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor for the Kuznetsk area in Russia?

    <p>It has the country's largest reserves of coal and an abundant supply of iron ores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two examples of Bulk-Gaining Industries?

    <p>Fabricated metals and beverage production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important about break-of-bulk points?

    <p>They facilitate the transfer of goods from one transportation mode to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the steam engine relate to the iron industry?

    <p>It allowed furnaces to be constantly heated, improving iron production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Trucks play in transportation?

    <p>They are often used for short-distance deliveries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of using Air for transportation?

    <p>It is the most expensive mode of transportation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common strategy for disposal of solid waste in the U.S.?

    <p>Sanitary landfills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is solid waste disposal especially difficult for hazardous waste?

    <p>If not carefully contained, it can contaminate soil and groundwater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Air pollution significantly increases due to urbanization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two pollutants are associated with acid rain?

    <p>Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Break of Bulk

    • A point where a shipment is transferred from one form of transportation to another, facilitating logistics.

    Industries Classification

    • Bulk-Gaining Industry: Final product weighs more or has a larger volume than raw materials (e.g., fabricated metals, beverages).
    • Bulk-Reducing Industry: Final product weighs less or has a lower volume than raw materials (e.g., copper processing).

    Industrial Revolution

    • A transformative period starting in the late 1700s in the United Kingdom, characterized by advancements in manufacturing technology.

    Production Systems

    • Cottage Industry: Home-based production prevalent before industrialization.
    • Fordist Production: Mass production model with specialized task assignments (assembly line).
    • Post-Fordist Production: Flexible production practices with global outsourcing and accelerations in production.

    Integration & Logistics

    • Vertical Integration: Control over an entire production process, from raw materials to distribution.
    • Just-In-Time Delivery: Inventory management strategy minimizing on-hand stock by ensuring timely deliveries.

    Transportation Modes

    • Trucks: Ideal for short distances with quick loading/unloading capabilities.
    • Trains: Used for longer deliveries; slower unloading process.
    • Ships: Cost-effective for long distances; slower but capable of crossing oceans.
    • Air: Most expensive, reserved for urgent, small-bulk shipments.

    Global Industrial Regions

    • Industry concentrated in Europe, North America, and East Asia; influential countries include Brazil and India.

    Major European Industrial Areas

    • Mid Rhine: Central industrial area with skilled labor and high-value goods.
    • Northeastern Spain: Fastest-growing manufacturing area, focused on textiles and motor vehicles.
    • Volga Region: Houses Russia's largest oil and natural gas fields.

    North American Industrial Areas

    • New England: Early textile production hub.
    • Chicago: Center of transportation and steel production.
    • Southern California: Major clothing and textile production site.

    East Asian Industrial Development

    • Japan: Emerged as an industrial power in the mid-20th century, focusing on efficient mass production.
    • China: World leader in low-cost labor and largest market for consumer goods, manufacturing concentrated along the east coast.

    Manufacturing Shifts

    • Significant job losses in the Northeastern U.S., while growth is seen in Southern and Western regions, attracted by lower labor costs and accessibility to resources.

    Environmental Pollution

    • Global Scale: Contributes to global warming and ozone depletion due to fossil fuel consumption.
    • Regional Scale: Acid deposition harms vegetation and water supplies.
    • Local Scale: Urban areas face severe pollution from factories and vehicles, affecting air quality.

    Waste Management

    • Sanitary landfills are the most common solid waste disposal method, while hazardous waste poses contamination risks if not properly managed.

    Water Pollution

    • Divided into point-source and nonpoint-source pollution; heavily impacts aquatic ecosystems and can lead to rising temperatures causing harm to fish.

    Labor Relations

    • Right-to-Work Laws: Require non-unionized work environments, often preferred by companies to limit union influence.
    • Transnational corporations favor low-cost labor in less developed countries for operational efficiency.
    • Spain has seen rapid manufacturing growth within the European Union, driven by economic integration and competitive markets.### Outsourcing in Industry
    • iPhones outsource production of parts to skilled workers in Japan, Germany, and South Korea.
    • Most costs associated with iPhones come from these high-quality parts.

    Maquiladoras

    • Located near the U.S.-Mexican border, providing cost-effective manufacturing solutions.
    • Initially referred to a tax exemption for U.S. materials sent for assembly in Mexico, re-exported back to the U.S.
    • Companies benefit from lower shipping costs to the U.S. due to proximity.

    Fears of North American Industry Integration

    • Labor leaders worry about manufacturers relocating to Mexico for cheaper labor, impacting U.S. jobs.
    • Environmentalists express concerns that NAFTA may incentivize production shifts to Mexico, where environmental regulations are less strict than in the U.S. and Canada.

    Benefits of Just-in-Time Delivery

    • Manufacturers reduce costs associated with excess inventory, optimizing cash flow.
    • Smaller factory spaces are required, minimizing waste in storage and enhancing efficiency.

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