Podcast
Questions and Answers
What distinguishes cardinal traits from secondary traits?
What distinguishes cardinal traits from secondary traits?
Which of the following accurately describes central traits?
Which of the following accurately describes central traits?
What is a significant criticism of Allport's theories?
What is a significant criticism of Allport's theories?
How did Allport's contributions influence humanistic theories?
How did Allport's contributions influence humanistic theories?
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Which aspect of individual traits is highlighted in the context of secondary traits?
Which aspect of individual traits is highlighted in the context of secondary traits?
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What aspect of personality traits does the continuum of measurement focus on?
What aspect of personality traits does the continuum of measurement focus on?
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What did Gordon Allport emphasize in his approach to personality traits?
What did Gordon Allport emphasize in his approach to personality traits?
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How are traits described in the context of personality, according to the content?
How are traits described in the context of personality, according to the content?
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What role does the environment play in shaping personality traits?
What role does the environment play in shaping personality traits?
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What is stated as having a significant influence on personality?
What is stated as having a significant influence on personality?
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What kinds of factors are acknowledged as shapers of personality?
What kinds of factors are acknowledged as shapers of personality?
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Which theorist was the first known researcher in the field of personality traits?
Which theorist was the first known researcher in the field of personality traits?
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What term is used to describe traits that are unique to an individual?
What term is used to describe traits that are unique to an individual?
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Which of the following is likely discussed when reviewing test results for the Big Five Personality Traits?
Which of the following is likely discussed when reviewing test results for the Big Five Personality Traits?
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Which trait is suggested to have the biggest influence on job performance?
Which trait is suggested to have the biggest influence on job performance?
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What does the concept of 'two personalities' emphasize in the understanding of personality?
What does the concept of 'two personalities' emphasize in the understanding of personality?
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What is the primary focus of the trait approach in understanding personality?
What is the primary focus of the trait approach in understanding personality?
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In the context of personality development, what role does inheritance play?
In the context of personality development, what role does inheritance play?
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Which trait is associated with having better grades and being more responsible at work?
Which trait is associated with having better grades and being more responsible at work?
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Which of the following is likely to result from low neuroticism?
Which of the following is likely to result from low neuroticism?
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What trait is commonly linked with the use of alcohol and illegal drugs?
What trait is commonly linked with the use of alcohol and illegal drugs?
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Which personality trait is indicated by seeking various intellectual challenges?
Which personality trait is indicated by seeking various intellectual challenges?
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Which of the following tends to lead to negative behavioral outcomes?
Which of the following tends to lead to negative behavioral outcomes?
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What statistical technique did Raymond Cattell use to study traits?
What statistical technique did Raymond Cattell use to study traits?
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What behavior might indicate high extraversion in social media use?
What behavior might indicate high extraversion in social media use?
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How many clusters of personality traits did Cattell initially identify before reducing them?
How many clusters of personality traits did Cattell initially identify before reducing them?
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How does low agreeableness typically manifest in social behavior?
How does low agreeableness typically manifest in social behavior?
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What does a high score in Cattell's Factor E indicate?
What does a high score in Cattell's Factor E indicate?
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According to Cattell, what proportion of personality is influenced by environmental factors?
According to Cattell, what proportion of personality is influenced by environmental factors?
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Which of the following traits is likely correlated with greater longevity?
Which of the following traits is likely correlated with greater longevity?
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Which factor in Cattell's 16PF represents imaginative versus practical traits?
Which factor in Cattell's 16PF represents imaginative versus practical traits?
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Cattell's research suggested that which of the following influences personality equally?
Cattell's research suggested that which of the following influences personality equally?
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What trait is commonly associated with high scorers in neuroticism?
What trait is commonly associated with high scorers in neuroticism?
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What characteristic corresponds to low scorers in Cattell’s Factor C?
What characteristic corresponds to low scorers in Cattell’s Factor C?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the factors identified in Cattell’s 16PF?
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors identified in Cattell’s 16PF?
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Which of the following traits is not typically characteristic of introversion?
Which of the following traits is not typically characteristic of introversion?
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Which trait would you expect in a high scorer of Factor H?
Which trait would you expect in a high scorer of Factor H?
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What role does heredity play according to Eysenck's theory?
What role does heredity play according to Eysenck's theory?
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Which of the following traits is associated with high scorers in psychoticism?
Which of the following traits is associated with high scorers in psychoticism?
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What is the primary purpose of Factor Analysis in the context of personality traits?
What is the primary purpose of Factor Analysis in the context of personality traits?
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According to the Five-Factor Model, what does high openness encompass?
According to the Five-Factor Model, what does high openness encompass?
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What is a potential issue with the results of the NEO Personality Inventory?
What is a potential issue with the results of the NEO Personality Inventory?
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What trait do individuals with high neuroticism often exhibit concerning stress?
What trait do individuals with high neuroticism often exhibit concerning stress?
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Which Big Five personality trait is associated with being detail-oriented and hardworking?
Which Big Five personality trait is associated with being detail-oriented and hardworking?
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Which personality trait is most likely to correlate with risk-taking behavior?
Which personality trait is most likely to correlate with risk-taking behavior?
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What characteristic is NOT associated with high scorers in psychoticism?
What characteristic is NOT associated with high scorers in psychoticism?
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Study Notes
Five Factor Theory of Personality
- Developed by Robert McCrae and Paul Costa
- Considers five major personality traits
- Traits are: Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Emotional Stability (Neuroticism)
Approaches to Personality Development
- Psychoanalytic: Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalysis); Karen Horney (Neurotic Needs); Alfred Adler (Individual Psychology); BF Skinner (Reinforcement Theory)
- Neo-psychoanalytic: Karen Horney
- Behavioural: B.F. Skinner (Reinforcement Theory)
- Cognitive: Aaron Beck
- Humanistic: Carl Rogers, Martin Seligman (Positive Psychology)
- Genetics (Trait): McCrae & Costa (Five-Factor Theory); Marvin Zuckerman (Sensation-Seeking); Raymond Cattell
- Social-Learning: Julian Rotter (Locus of Control); Martin Seligman (Learned Helplessness)
Genetics (Trait) Approach
- Focuses on traits as distinguishable characteristics
- Suggests traits are largely inherited
- Researchers include McCrae & Costa, and Raymond Cattell
What is a Personality Trait?
- A relatively stable aspect of an individual
- Observable and 'real', not "constructed" labels
- Measured on a continuum via observation over time
- Can determine and/or cause behaviour
- Traits are interconnected
- Traits are context specific
Gordon Allport
- Met Freud
- First researcher of personality traits
- Investigated the influence of heredity and environment
- Categorized traits and personal dispositions
Nature of Personality: Heredity vs. Two Personalities
- Heredity: Provides raw materials for personality, and is shaped by environment; emphasizing uniqueness
- Two Personalities: Childhood and adulthood personalities are discrete and discontinuous; less constrained by early experiences
Personality Traits: Individual vs. Common
- Individual Traits: Unique to each individual; define one's character
- Common Traits: Shared by many people, often within cultures; subject to change
Personal Dispositions: Cardinal, Central, and Secondary
- Cardinal Traits: Most pervasive and powerful traits of an individual
- Central Traits: Outstanding traits that commonly describe a person's behavior
- Secondary Traits: Least important traits displayed inconsistently and inconspicuously
Reflections on Allport
- Contributions: Well-received; inspired humanistic theories with positive philosophies; offered an alternative to psychoanalytic models
- Criticisms: Limited research; complex and difficult terms; questions about the mechanisms; focusing on individual is limited for generalization
Raymond Cattell
- Used factor analysis (with computers) to study traits
- Reduced 181 personality trait clusters to 16 personality factors (16PF)
Factor Analysis
- Statistical technique based on correlations between measures
- These measures can be explained through underlying factors
Raymond Cattell: Ways of Classifying Traits
- Common Traits; Unique Traits; Ability Traits; Temperament Traits; Dynamic Traits; Surface Traits; Source Traits; Constitutional Traits; Environmental-Mold Traits
Raymond Cattell's 16PF
- A list of 16 personality factors, with low and high scorers described
- Factors include Reserved, Aloof, Detached,Outgoing, Warmhearted, and easygoing, among others
Influences of Heredity and Environment
- Cattell investigated the influence of heredity and environment on personality
- Used statistical methods to compare twins and siblings in different rearing environments
- Concluded that one-third of personality is genetically based, and the remaining two-thirds are influenced by social and environmental factors
Research on Cattell's Ideas
- Studies using the 16PF show its ability to predict marital stability
- Faking results is possible in some cases
- Results vary on the influence of genetics vs environment
- Use for research, clinical diagnoses, and success prediction
Hans Eysenck
- Used factor analysis and personality tests to identify three superfactors: extraversion vs. introversion; neuroticism vs emotional stability; psychoticism vs impulse control and super ego functions
Extraversion and Introversion
- Extraversion: Sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensation-seeking
- Introversion: Shy, avoids excitement, reacts strongly to stimulation
Neuroticism
- Individuals scoring high on neuroticism are anxious, depressed, have low self-esteem, feel guilt, are tense, irrational, shy, and moody
- A hypersensitive sympathetic nervous system is connected to this
Psychoticism
- High scorers are aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive, antisocial, creative, have problems with alcohol or drugs, have violent criminal behaviour, potentially with controlling parents
Primary Role of Heredity for Eysenck
- Eysenck believed traits and dimensions were determined by heredity
- Studied twins and adopted children to support this belief that genetics was dominant
Trait Theory Summarized
- Recommendations on a video resource to demonstrate further on the subject
The Five Factor Model (Big Five)
- A refined expansion on the five personality traits (also known as the "Big Five")
Costa and McCrae: Five-Factor Model
- Confirmed factors via assessment techniques; Helped develop the NEO Personality Inventory
- Results can be distorted by subject manipulation
McCrae and Costa's Big Five Personality Factors
- Includes; Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness
Factors are viewed on a continuum
McCrae and Costa's Big Five Personality Traits in more detail
- Detailed descriptions for low and high scores for each trait
Research on McCrae and Costa's Ideas
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Research demonstrates a strong hereditary component for neuroticism, extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness
-
Agreeableness shows a strong environmental component
-
Factors are found in various cultures
-
Traits remain stable over the lifespan, somewhat
-
Gender differences on traits reported
-
Societal perception of traits
Emotional Correlates
- Well-being: High extraversion, low neuroticism, high agreeableness, and conscientiousness
- Extraversion: Social support, likeable, positive emotions
- Neuroticism: Negative outcomes
Behavioral Correlates
- Conscientiousness: Better grades, responsible work habits, increased health benefits, those scoring low may abuse alcohol or drugs
- Agreeableness: Fewer behavioral problems
- Openness: Variety of interests, seeks challenges
- Neuroticism: Longer lifespan
- Extraversion: More social relationships
Personality Traits and the Internet
- Correlation study on internet usage and specific personality traits
Reflections on the Trait Approach
- Heredity plays a considerable role in personality
- Practical and theoretical implications exist for personality psychologists
- Family and environmental factors should not be ignored when studying personality
Learning Styles Inventory
- Questions to help identify learning styles
- Recommendations to utilize learning-style techniques for the best results.
Learning Styles Links
- Links to help students learn which learning techniques best suit their learning style
Reviewing Results of Learning Styles Inventory
- Guidelines to study the learning style inventory
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
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Description
This quiz explores the Five Factor Theory of Personality, developed by McCrae and Costa, and various approaches to personality development including psychoanalytic, behavioral, and humanistic perspectives. Test your knowledge on key theorists and concepts related to personality traits and their origins.
