Fitzgerald Pharmacology Midterm Practice

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Questions and Answers

All of the following are determined at the state level EXCEPT?

Recognized roles and titles of APRNs

Employer's qualifications for evaluating the performance of APRNs (correct)

Criteria for entry into advanced practice

Certification examinations accepted for entry-level competence assessment

The permanent and/or substantial injury resulting from an act of malpractice is known as?

Damages (correct)

Proximate cause

Duty

Maleficence

The plaintiff's establishment of a relationship between the breach and the injuries is known as?

Medical error

Proximate cause (correct)

Professional responsibility

Duty to act

Which of the following statements regarding damages and negligence is correct?

Damages require proof of physical or emotional harm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the basis for an APRN's prescriptive authority?

Nurse Practice Act Signup and view all the answers

Malpractice requires all of the following EXCEPT?

Intentional misconduct Signup and view all the answers

When writing a prescription, the APRN must do all of the following EXCEPT?

Consider whether the selected medication is available in generic form Signup and view all the answers

The legal scope of practice for an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) is determined by?

Legislation at the state level Signup and view all the answers

When prescribing an off-label drug, the APRN should?

Document the reason for the prescription Signup and view all the answers

According to the Institute for Safe Medication Practices, which of the following abbreviations is frequently misinterpreted and involved in harmful medication errors?

µg Signup and view all the answers

A drug's mechanism of action is part of its?

Pharmacodynamics Signup and view all the answers

The process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of a drug is known as?

Pharmacokinetics Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would best describe a pharmacodynamic study?

Determining the effect of a specific medication dose in treating a disease Signup and view all the answers

Cmax is best described as?

Maximum or peak concentration of a drug observed after its administration Signup and view all the answers

When counseling a 56-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the NP mentions which of the following regarding the use of semaglutide?

The oral dose of the medication needed is quite high compared to the injectable due to issues with GI absorption Signup and view all the answers

Tmax is best defined as?

Time to maximum drug level is observed Signup and view all the answers

In the development, testing, and approval of a new medication, which of the following best describes the question that is being asked in phase 3 testing?

Does the medication appear to have a clinical effect when subjected to a double-blind clinical trial? Signup and view all the answers

Age-related changes in the elder include all of the following except?

Increase in serum albumin Signup and view all the answers

When considering the movement of drugs throughout the body, it is important to consider that the most common form of drug absorption is via?

Passive diffusion Signup and view all the answers

The safety and pharmacokinetics of a new drug are best determined in which phase of clinical trials?

Phase 1 Signup and view all the answers

Bioavailability is defined as the?

Fraction of the administered drug that reaches systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

What should a nursing mother be advised regarding a medication with a 2-hour half-life?

Administer 1 tube of 15 g glucose orally and re-check blood sugar in 15 minutes. Signup and view all the answers

In counseling a patient on the use of short-acting insulin to better manage post-prandial hyperglycemia, the NP advises?

It should be administered 10 minutes prior to each meal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of basal insulin?

Should not be combined with GLP-1 agonists Signup and view all the answers

Unless contraindicated, an additional therapy to be routinely prescribed for the patient with type 2 diabetes includes all of the following except?

Fibrate Signup and view all the answers

According to the American Diabetes Association Standards of Diabetes Care, the use of sliding-scale insulin therapy to treat hyperglycemia is?

Discouraged for individuals admitted to the hospital and in the outpatient setting Signup and view all the answers

H.influenzae's primary mechanism of antimicrobial resistance is via?

Beta-lactamase production Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Advanced Practice Nursing and Legal Aspects

Criteria for entry into advanced practice roles, recognized titles of APRNs, and accepted certification exams are determined at the state level, but employer qualifications for evaluating APRN performance are not.
Malpractice results in permanent injury, referred to as damages.
Establishing a breach of duty and its connection to injuries is known as proximate cause.
Damages necessitate proving physical or emotional harm; negligence does not.

APRN Prescriptive Authority

An APRN's prescriptive authority is governed primarily by the Nurse Practice Act, alongside employer policies and the Pharmacy Practice Act.
Intentional misconduct is not a requirement for malpractice claims, which necessitate a patient-healthcare professional relationship, damages, and a breach of duty.

Prescription Writing Guidelines

When prescribing, APRNs should consider patient allergies, identify the correct patient, and assess medication diagnoses, rather than focusing solely on the availability of generic forms.
Documenting reasons for off-label drug prescriptions is critical.

Pharmacology Fundamentals

The process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs is encapsulated in pharmacokinetics, while pharmacodynamics describes a drug's mechanism of action.
Cmax indicates the peak concentration of a drug post-administration, while Tmax refers to the time taken to reach that maximum concentration.
The pharmacodynamic study focuses on the effectiveness of a medication in treating diseases rather than its half-life or concentration metrics.

Clinical Trial Phases and Drug Safety

Phase 1 clinical trials primarily assess a drug's safety and pharmacokinetics, while Phase 3 trials evaluate clinical effects in double-blind studies.
Bioavailability is defined as the fraction of administered drugs reaching systemic circulation.

Elderly Population Considerations

Age-related changes in the elderly include decreasing body water and kidney weight, and an increase in body fat, but not an increase in serum albumin.
Passive diffusion is the prevalent form of drug absorption in the body.

Diabetes Management and Insulin Use

Semaglutide's oral formulation requires a considerably higher dose compared to its injectable form due to gastrointestinal absorption challenges.
Short-acting insulin should be administered 10 minutes prior to meals.
Basal insulin can usually be dosed once daily, but it should be combined cautiously with other therapies like GLP-1 agonists.
Routine therapies for type 2 diabetes generally include statins, ACE inhibitors, and low-dose aspirin, but not fibrates.
Sliding-scale insulin therapy is discouraged for managing hyperglycemia in hospital and outpatient settings.

Antibiotic Resistance

H. influenzae primarily resists antibiotics through beta-lactamase production, affecting treatment efficacy.

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Test your knowledge with this set of flashcards designed for the Fitzgerald Pharmacology Midterm. Covering key concepts including advanced practice roles, certification examinations, and employer qualifications for APRNs, this quiz will help you prepare effectively for your exam.