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What is the ideal pH range for fish silage when using formic acid?
What is the ideal pH range for fish silage when using formic acid?
What happens to the protein in fish silage during storage?
What happens to the protein in fish silage during storage?
What is the expected shelf life of fish silage at room temperature?
What is the expected shelf life of fish silage at room temperature?
Why is it important to mix silage samples thoroughly before analysis?
Why is it important to mix silage samples thoroughly before analysis?
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What changes occur in fish oil present in fish silage during storage?
What changes occur in fish oil present in fish silage during storage?
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What is the expected texture and odor of fish silage during storage?
What is the expected texture and odor of fish silage during storage?
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What was the goal of the National Marine Fisheries Service's research program in the 1960s?
What was the goal of the National Marine Fisheries Service's research program in the 1960s?
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What is the primary component of fish protein concentrates?
What is the primary component of fish protein concentrates?
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What is the purpose of using isopropanol in the production of fish protein concentrates?
What is the purpose of using isopropanol in the production of fish protein concentrates?
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What is the typical temperature range for extracting proteins from raw material using isopropanol?
What is the typical temperature range for extracting proteins from raw material using isopropanol?
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What is the result of the final supernatant fraction after extraction and drying?
What is the result of the final supernatant fraction after extraction and drying?
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What is the primary advantage of using fish protein concentrates as a human food?
What is the primary advantage of using fish protein concentrates as a human food?
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What is the purpose of using azeotropic isopropanol in the production of fish protein concentrates?
What is the purpose of using azeotropic isopropanol in the production of fish protein concentrates?
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What type of fish protein concentrate is produced using isopropanol or azeotropic extraction with ethylene dichloride?
What type of fish protein concentrate is produced using isopropanol or azeotropic extraction with ethylene dichloride?
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What is one of the benefits of utilizing bycatch in fish silage production?
What is one of the benefits of utilizing bycatch in fish silage production?
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What is a potential environmental problem of improperly discarded fish processing waste?
What is a potential environmental problem of improperly discarded fish processing waste?
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What is a possible use for non-commercially important, non-indigenous species?
What is a possible use for non-commercially important, non-indigenous species?
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What can be produced from fish processing waste materials?
What can be produced from fish processing waste materials?
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What is a concern related to the introduction of non-indigenous species?
What is a concern related to the introduction of non-indigenous species?
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What is a potential benefit of using non-indigenous species in fish silage production?
What is a potential benefit of using non-indigenous species in fish silage production?
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What is a challenge related to fish processing waste?
What is a challenge related to fish processing waste?
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What can be utilized to produce fish silage?
What can be utilized to produce fish silage?
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What is the purpose of adding acid in fish silage production?
What is the purpose of adding acid in fish silage production?
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Why is formic acid a good choice for fish silage production?
Why is formic acid a good choice for fish silage production?
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What is the typical composition of fish silage from white fish offal?
What is the typical composition of fish silage from white fish offal?
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What happens to fish proteins during the production of fish silage?
What happens to fish proteins during the production of fish silage?
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Why may it be necessary to remove oil from fish silage?
Why may it be necessary to remove oil from fish silage?
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What is a disadvantage of using hydrochloric or sulphuric acid in fish silage production?
What is a disadvantage of using hydrochloric or sulphuric acid in fish silage production?
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What is the main purpose of using enzymes in fish silage production?
What is the main purpose of using enzymes in fish silage production?
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What is a characteristic of fish silage in terms of its composition?
What is a characteristic of fish silage in terms of its composition?
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What was the primary goal of the National Marine Fisheries Service's research program in the 1960s?
What was the primary goal of the National Marine Fisheries Service's research program in the 1960s?
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What is the primary purpose of using isopropanol in the production of fish protein concentrates?
What is the primary purpose of using isopropanol in the production of fish protein concentrates?
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What is the typical temperature range for extracting proteins from raw material using isopropanol?
What is the typical temperature range for extracting proteins from raw material using isopropanol?
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What is the result of the final supernatant fraction after extraction and drying?
What is the result of the final supernatant fraction after extraction and drying?
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What type of fish protein concentrate is produced using isopropanol or azeotropic extraction with ethylene dichloride?
What type of fish protein concentrate is produced using isopropanol or azeotropic extraction with ethylene dichloride?
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What is the primary advantage of using fish protein concentrates as a human food?
What is the primary advantage of using fish protein concentrates as a human food?
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What is the purpose of using azeotropic isopropanol in the production of fish protein concentrates?
What is the purpose of using azeotropic isopropanol in the production of fish protein concentrates?
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What is the advantage of using bycatch in fish silage production?
What is the advantage of using bycatch in fish silage production?
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What is the benefit of using fish protein concentrates as a human food?
What is the benefit of using fish protein concentrates as a human food?
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What is a potential environmental problem associated with fish processing waste?
What is a potential environmental problem associated with fish processing waste?
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What can be used to produce fish silage?
What can be used to produce fish silage?
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What is a concern related to the introduction of non-indigenous species?
What is a concern related to the introduction of non-indigenous species?
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What is a potential benefit of using non-indigenous species in fish silage production?
What is a potential benefit of using non-indigenous species in fish silage production?
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What is a challenge related to fish processing waste?
What is a challenge related to fish processing waste?
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What is a possible use for non-commercially important, non-indigenous species?
What is a possible use for non-commercially important, non-indigenous species?
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What can be produced from fish processing waste materials?
What can be produced from fish processing waste materials?
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Study Notes
Bycatch and Seafood Processing Waste
- Bycatch: consists of other fish species, undersized or juvenile species, or targeted species of different sizes
- Bycatch can be used as raw material in fish silage production
- Seafood processing waste includes trimmings such as fish heads, skin, tails, and fins, as well as shells and heads of shrimp and other crustaceans
- Non-utilizable waste materials can be used in making fish silage
Non-Commercially Important, Non-Indigenous Species
- non-indigenous species introduced in some bodies of water in the Philippines and elsewhere
- These species can cause environmental harm and endanger native populations
- Research has been conducted on using these species as ingredients in fishmeal and fish silage production
Fish Silage Production
- Samples for analysis should be taken after thorough mixing to ensure representativeness
- Acidity should be measured, with a target pH of 3.6-4 using formic acid
- Fish silage with correct acidity can be stored at room temperature for at least two years without putrefaction
- Silage becomes smoother in consistency during storage and develops a pleasant malty odor
Fish Protein Concentrate
- Fish protein concentrates (FPC) are produced by extracting and separating proteins from raw material using chemical solvents and high temperatures
- FPC can be used as a human food ingredient
- Solvent-extracted FPC (type-A FPC) is produced using isopropanol or azeotropic extraction with ethylene dichloride
- The final supernatant fraction should be largely colorless and odorless, consisting primarily of protein
Fish Protein Concentrate
- Fish protein concentrates (FPC) are produced by extracting and separating proteins from raw materials using chemical solvents and high temperatures.
- The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) initiated a research program in the 1960s to produce FPC on a large scale to stimulate the US seafood industry and address global protein malnutrition.
- Solvent-extracted FPC (type-A FPC) is produced using isopropanol or azeotropic extraction with ethylene dichloride.
- The process involves grinding and extracting with isopropanol at 20-30°C for 50 minutes, followed by two more extractions with isopropanol and azeotropic isopropanol.
- The final product is largely colorless, odorless, and primarily consists of protein.
Fish Silage
- Fish silage is a liquid product made from whole fish or parts of fish liquefied by enzymes in the presence of an added acid.
- Enzymes break down fish proteins into smaller soluble units, while the acid helps speed up the process and prevent bacterial spoilage.
- Fish silage can be made from white fish offal, which contains little oil, or from fatty fish like herring, which requires oil removal.
- The composition of fish silage is similar to the raw material, typically consisting of 80% water, 15% protein, 4.5% ash, and 0.5% fat.
Silage Production
- Acids used in silage production include hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, and formic acid, which is an organic acid with bacteriostatic action.
- Formic acid is more expensive than mineral acids but allows for preservation at a slightly higher pH and does not require neutralization before use.
Raw Materials for Fish Silage Production
- Fish silage can be made from underutilized species, bycatch, or seafood processing waste, which would otherwise be discarded and contribute to environmental problems.
- Non-commercially important, non-indigenous species can also be utilized in fish silage production, making them more useful and reducing their environmental impact.
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Description
This quiz covers the management of bycatch in fish processing, including the use of bycatch as raw material in fish silage production and the reduction of waste in seafood processing.
