Oxygenation
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of bones?

  • To store calcium and offer support
  • Only to protect organs
  • To protect organs, offer support, and flexibility to organisms, and form blood cells (correct)
  • Only to form blood cells

    • What type of cartilage is found in the articular surface?

  • Firous cartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Hyaline cartilage (correct)
  • None of the above

    • What is the term for the shaft of a long bone?

  • Epiphysis
  • Epiphyseal plate
  • Metaphysis
  • Diaphysis (correct)

    • What type of bone has no definite shape?

    <p>Irregular bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a break in a bone?

    <p>Fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a passage for nerves and blood vessels in bones?

    <p>Foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a bone associated with tendons of upper and lower limbs?

    <p>Sesamoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fracture does not penetrate the skin?

    <p>Closed fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the largest sesamoid bone?

    <p>Patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Location in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones make up the skull?

    <p>22 bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cranial cavity?

    <p>To protect the brain and its covering meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint connects the mandible to the temporal bones?

    <p>Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones make up the facial skeleton?

    <p>14 bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bone that forms the lower jaw?

    <p>Mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bone that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

    <p>Vomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone does the pterion overlie?

    <p>Frontal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hyoid bone?

    <p>Assisting in tongue, pharynx, and larynx movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many vertebrae are in the human vertebral column?

    <p>33</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the suture between the frontal bone and the parietal bones?

    <p>Coronal suture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is located on the mandible?

    <p>Coronoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an untreated meningeal artery rupture?

    <p>Hemorrhage leading to death in a few hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many groups are the 33 vertebrae divided into?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the hyoid bone?

    <p>U-shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column known as?

    <p>Scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vertebrae articulate with ribs?

    <p>Thoracic vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the dens in the Axis (2nd) vertebra?

    <p>Pivots to turn the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Anulus fibrosus?

    <p>A part of the intervertebral disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the thoracic cage?

    <p>To facilitate breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of ribs are there in the human body?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition caused by compression of the nerves in the neck?

    <p>Thoracic outlet syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three parts of the sternum?

    <p>Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skeletal System

    • Consists of cartilage and bone
    • Cartilage is a special type of non-vascular connective tissue with three types:
      • Hyaline cartilage (articular surface)
      • Fibrous cartilage (discs)
      • Elastic cartilage (auricle)
    • Bone is a hard, calcified type of connective tissue with functions:
      • Protects organs
      • Offers support, protection, and flexibility to organisms
      • Forms blood cells
      • Stores calcium

    Gross Types of Bones

    • Long bones: have two ends and a shaft (e.g., humerus and femur)
      • Consist of epiphysis, metaphysis (includes epiphyseal plate in growing bones), and diaphysis (shaft)
    • Short bones: have no epiphyses and shaft (e.g., carpal and tarsal bones)
    • Flat bones: bones with two surfaces (e.g., cranial bones, scapula, ribs, sutural bones)
    • Irregular bones: bones with no definite shape (e.g., vertebrae, face bones)
    • Sesamoid bones: associated with tendons of upper and lower limbs (e.g., patella is the largest sesamoid bone)
    • Pneumatic bones: certain bones of the skull containing air cavities (e.g., frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, mastoid part of temporal, and maxillae)

    Bone Markings

    • Surface features of bones:
      • Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
      • Passages for nerves and blood vessels
    • Types of bone markings:
      • Fissure
      • Foramen
      • Fossa
      • Sulcus
      • Meatus
      • Condyle
      • Facet
      • Head
      • Epicondyle
      • Line
      • Spinous process
      • Trochanter
      • Tubercle
      • Tuberosity

    Axial Skeleton

    • Includes:
      • Skull
      • Vertebral column
      • Ribs
      • Sternum
      • Hyoid bone
    • Functions:
      • Protects organs
      • Offers support, protection, and flexibility to organisms
      • Forms blood cells
      • Stores calcium

    Skull

    • Formed by 22 bones, descriptively divided into:
      • Upper cranium and lower facial skeleton
    • The cranium bones:
      • Frontal
      • Parietal (2)
      • Temporal (2)
      • Occipital
      • Sphenoid
      • Ethmoid
    • The facial bones:
      • Zygomatic bones (2)
      • Maxillae (2)
      • Nasal bones (2)
      • Lacrimal bones (2)
      • Vomer (1)
      • Palatine bones (2)
      • Inferior conchae (2)
      • Mandible (1)

    Cranial Sutures

    • Types of cranial sutures:
      • Sagittal suture: between the parietal bones
      • Coronal suture: between the frontal bone and the parietal bones
      • Lambdoid suture: between the occipital bone and the parietal bones

    Mandible

    • The only mobile bone of the skull
    • Articulates with temporal bones in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

    Hyoid Bone

    • U-shaped bone located in the neck
    • Consists of a body, greater and lesser horns
    • Does not articulate with any bone and is suspended in place by membranes, muscles, and ligaments
    • Important for movements of the tongue, pharynx, and larynx

    Vertebral Column

    • Divided into five groups:
      • Cervical (7)
      • Thoracic (12)
      • Lumbar (5)
      • Fused sacrum (5)
      • Fused coccygeal (4)
    • Normal curves of the vertebral column:
      • Cervical curve
      • Thoracic curve
      • Lumbar curve
    • Abnormal curvatures:
      • Kyphosis (hump back): increase in the thoracic curvature
      • Lordosis: increase in the lumber curvature
      • Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column

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