First Nations Housing & Treaties

• How to be more specific than just saying Indigenous:
• Indigenous peoples include First Nations, Métis, and Inuit.
• Where Indigenous people live affects their housing.

Hunters

• Anishinaabe and Cree migrated frequently.
• They used temporary housing, such as stick tents, to follow animals.

Farmers

• Haudenosaunee lived in permanent longhouses.
• Longhouses held over 30 people or one extended family.
• They depended on farming, so they did not need to relocate.

Colonization

• Driven by the pursuit of resources.
• The Spanish took gold from the Aztecs/Mexico.
• The British and French took fur and wood from Canada and America.

Timeline

• 7 Years' War
• US Revolutionary War
• Mohawk Haldimand Act
• Brantford and Kitchener were established
• Mohawk split into two communities.
• They did not receive all the land they were promised.

Treaties

• Early treaties were between First Nations and King George of the British Crown.
• These treaties occurred before 1867, before Canada existed.
• Some treaties were negotiated with good intentions for mutual benefit.
• A majority of treaties were signed after 1867 between First Nations and Canada.
• Some treaties were negotiated in bad faith, intending to control and assimilate Indigenous peoples to build the Canadian nation, according to John A. Macdonald.

Indian Act, 1876

• Applies only to First Nations, not Métis or Inuit.
• Defines who is and is not "Indian" (Métis are excluded).
• Establishes rules for reserves and how lands can be used.
• It was created to codify First Nations rights.
• It is considered a discriminatory act.
• It creates Indian Status Cards today.
• It led to the creation of residential schools.

1885 Mass Immigration to Canada

• Immigration policy was white only
• Chinese Head Tax was implemented.
• Chinese laborers worked in terrible conditions to build the CN railroad.

M.A.I.N. Causes of World War 1

• Militarism
• Countries wanted strong militaries to be the strongest.
• Germany and Russia+France competed to have the largest armies.
• Germany and Britain competed in building battleships.

Alliances

• Countries worked together for common goals and protection.
• Alliances increased the likelihood of war.
• France + Britain + Russia
• Germany + Austria-Hungary + Italy

Imperialism

• Land was equated with power to become the strongest country.
• Example: Austria-Hungary, Russia

Nationalism

• The idea that a specific country is the best in every aspect
• Leads to superiority, which leads to racism and xenophobia.

Concepts of Historical Thinking

• Can be used to answer questions

Continuity and Change

• Continuity is what remains the same over time.
• Change is the difference between two points in time.

Key Questions

• Was this a time of progress or decline?
• Did everyone experience progress?

Historical Perspective

• Understanding the social, economic, political, cultural, and emotional conditions of the world people lived in.

Key Questions

• How did people make sense of their world?
• How is their point of view different from mine?

Cause and Consequence

• Cause is what happens before an event and why it happens.
• Consequence is what comes after an event.

Key Questions

• What are the many causes that create historical events?

Historical Significance

• Significance represents importance.
• Understanding the importance and impact on our lives

Key Questions

• Does the event or person have long-lasting consequences?
• Did it deeply impact a lot of people?
• Does it reveal or tell us something important about an issue?
• Does it impact us today?

The Realities of Trench Warfare

• The German Schlieffen Plan failed.
• Belgium fought back.
• Belgium destroyed their own transportation systems.
• The Schlieffen Plan was intended to take over France.
• World War I was triggered by the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by the Serbian group, the Black Hand.
• Trench warfare resulted from the failure of the Schlieffen Plan.

Trenches

• A trench is a ditch used for hiding and warfare.
• Trenches were unhygienic.
• Trenches caused injuries and diseases such as trench foot.
• Trenches had elaborate systems for defense, offense, and communication.

No Man's Land

• The land between enemies being fought for

Causes of Trench Warfare:

• Schlieffen Plan Failure

• The invention of Machine Guns

• Use of weaponry like Artillery Cannons, Howitzers and Mortars.

• "Over the Top" commanded soldiers to leave the trench toward the opponent, resulting in many deaths due to an average lifespan of 7 seconds in No Man's Land.

First Canadian World War 1 Battle: The Second Battle of Ypres

• British Military units were separated into race based regimens
• Canada provided 400,000 people.
• India provided 1.5 million, promised independence but it was never given until 1947.

Types of Warfare

• Chemical warfare was used by the Germans.
• Over 6000 Canadian soldiers were killed
• Warfare included chlorine and mustard gas.

Cause and Consequence

• The cause was Canadians gassed in battle by the Germans.
• The consequence was Canadians approached the war differently and fought harder due to the loss of Canadian soldiers.

European and Canadian Warfare

• Europeans had more manners and rules in warfare than Canadians.
• Canadians were very tough and feared.

The Contributions of Canadians

• Front represented where conflict happened.
• Propaganda are one-sided messages intended to persuade people.

World War 1 Posters

• Enlistment
• Getting soldiers to fight for war
• Conservation, to get people to conserve
• Victory Bonds: investing in the Canadian military for returns
• General Support

Total War

• Involves everyone and everything in a country in the war
• This happened in Canada in WWI and WWII

Canadian Citizens Contributions

• Victory gardens
• Very little staple food like meat, butter, and sugar were available.
• Fundraisers
• Women and children worked in factories instead of men.
• Factories like munition factories produced a high yield when women worked them as supposed to men
• Care packages were created for soldiers.
• Canadian crops helped feed soldiers when other countries could not or would not share resources.
• Production of war materials

The War Measures Act (Emergencies Act)

• Temporary law that gives the government more power to protect and defend the nation during war
• Actions such as imposing censorship, monitoring enemy aliens, and giving police more power
• Example: police can arrest anyone without reason, removing the rights of the people of Canada from the Charter

Times this occurred:

• 1914: WW1 (internment camps for Ukrainian Canadians)
• 1939: WW2 (Internment camps for Japanese)
• 1970: The October Crisis (terrorist group in Quebec)
• 2022: The Freedom Convoy

The Changes of 1917

• Halifax Explosion: Two munitions ships collided in the harbor, exploding and destroying Halifax, where munitions for the Allies were shipped from in WW1.
• This resulted in no more munitions being able to be shipped from the war since Halifax was completely destroyed
• The Biggest artificial explosion until the atom bomb.

American Isolationism

• The United States was not interested in WWI and getting into European affairs

Reasons the United States Joined WW1:

• Failure of Peace
• The Zimmerman Telegram
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Germany sunk the Lusitania, which had American passengers on it.
• Motivated the Americans to fight against Germany
• U.S. intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico to attack the U.S. when Germany beats France.

The Improvement of American economy

• During WWI, more munitions were bought from the Americans which led to more jobs and an overall better economy

1917 Russian Revolution

• Which lead to the Russian Exit from WW1:
• Lack of food
• Army went against the Tsar
• The people wanted peace (to leave the WW1), bread (food), and land
• Conscription is forcing one ages 18-45 to join the military
• No more Canadians wanted to go to war after majority of the war because they heard of news of high death rates
• PM Borden starts conscription in 1918
• 95% of soldiers take leave/exemption because of this
• Starts quebec riots
• Borden orders police to shoot rioters

Last Hundred Days

• From Aug 4 to Nov 11:
• Canadian troops, led by Arthur Currie, fought several battles forcing the Germans to retreat
• Battles were fought in the German front, instead of the French and Belgian in the first half of the battle.

German Black Day

• On Aug 8, a massive british-canadian-australian attack led by 600 tanks, launched on the German lines in front of amiens.
• The war shifted as technology developed and as America joined, and the Entente had more wins.
• For the Second half of the war there turning point was the war is won by the allies.
• Riots increased in germany because of lack of necessity.
• More technology came to light
• Americans join
• The war shifted because more technology and the Americans joining
• Armistice was agreed on to stop fighting.
• Prince max asked for an armistice with the allies

Soldier Settlement Act

• Veterans from the war received free land and money to restart their lives.

Changes to the Indian Act (1906 and 1911)

• They made withholding funding by the government legal.
• They annexed land if it was near a sizable town.

Treaty of Versailles

• World War 1 Stats:
• 15 million civilian and soldier deaths
• 22 million wounded
• The Entente lost the most people

Gains and Losses of WW1

• Gains:
  • Women got to vote
  • Canada gets world recognition
  • British Empire's control over Canada lessened
  • Exports up 223%
• Losses:
  • Massive human misery
  • Conscription fractures English vs. French
  • "Enemy Aliens” had to start over from nothing
  • Huge National Debt ($2.46 billion)

Peace Talks in Versailles

• First time Canada represented itself as an independent nation
• France, England, United States, and Italy participated in these talks the most out of the 32 nations who participated

Historical Perspective

• How do French and British views of Germany differ?
• France felt Germany was the most aggressive in the Peace Talks because of the amount of damage they caused to their land.
• France also resents them because they also tried to invade them in 1870 and 1914
• Britain resented Germany because they think the war is all the Germans fault and wanted them to admit it and pay money
• How did America view Germany?
• President Wilson of the U.S. came seeking peace for Germany and stay somewhat neutral.
• Idea of Isolationism (still exists modern day)

Terms of Treaty of Versailles in 1919

• Military:
  • The Germany army cannot have more than 100,000 soldiers.
  • Germany can have No Navy or Airforce allowed
• Geographical:
  • Germany loses all its colonies.
  • France controls regions with resources like coal for 15 years
  • Poland gets eastern Germany
  • Germany losses all its railroad, which is now controlled by France.
• Economic:
  • $33 billion in reparation payments and have until 1988 to pay it
• Woodrow starts the early form of the United Nations called the League of Nations
• Canada joined as an independent nation in League
• Gets renamed to United Nations and structurally changed after WW2

Canada and the 1918 Influenza (The Spanish Flu)

• First influenza that targeted the younger age group from 16-24
• Second deadliest disease after the black death
• Symptoms were dark spots on blue skin and suffocating on their own blood and fluids

Three possible places where it originated:

• World War One Trenches
• Shanxi Province in China because they had an outbreak like this too
• Camp Funston in Kansas where there were American soldiers who got it and spread it when they fought in 1917-18 in WW1
• Called Spanish flu because they reported all the death of the flu in Spain
• Limited knowledge of medicine and influenza so the vaccine was created 15 years later to treat American soldiers in ww2, and the general public got this vaccine after WW2

Bloody Saturday

• General Strike in 1919 in Winnipeg
• Strike was caused because of the lack of rights for jobs and being overworked
• Workers demanded shorter work days and a minimum wage
• RCMP was called to take military control.
• As a result, two strikers were killed, thirty-four others were wounded, and the police made 94 arrests.

Urbanization

• Rapid population growth in the 1920s in Toronto, Montreal, and Winnipeg
• Toronto went from 56,000 to 500,000 from 1890s to 1920s
• War created an economic boom and fuels urbanization because of the factories built in Toronto and Montreal
• Factories = More job opportunities = Bigger population = Urbanization
• Toronto and Montreal is on the water which allows for import and export and put it on the freight trains near the water
• Geographically, being on the water is economically better because of the advantage of different modes of transportation

Consumerism

• The belief of needing the newest and most expensive item
• This is because people have more free time and extra spending money

Consumerism creates:

• Big companies like Sears
• Commercials
• Malls and shopping centers:
• Credit cards

Buying on Credit

• Credit cards made people buy now and pay later
• Leads to the stock market crash because of the abuse of money

Radio

• The expansion of radio happened because of the need for better communication and the want for entertainment because of the free time

Prohibition

• Banning the sale and consumption of alcohol
• The Christians made it banned because it was the root to society's problems and led to domestic violence and family issues
• Leads to crimes like smuggling liquor and the creation of speakeasies