First Aid Essentials

First Aid Basics

• Implemented care is given immediately to someone injured or ill
• Objectives include preserving life, preventing further harm, and promoting recovery

Qualities and Action Plan for First Aiders

• Characteristics needed: gentle, resourceful, observant, tactful, emphatic, respectable
• CCC (Check, Call, Care) approach applied
• DRABC (Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation) assessment done

Duties and Processes in First Aid

• Connects the victim and physician
• Ensures safety for everyone nearby
• Accesses the victim and identifies life threats
• Calls for advanced medical help when required
• Gives necessary care and documents all findings
• Involves checking vital signs such as body temperature, pulse, respiration rate, blood pressure, level of responsiveness, and skin condition
• Asking for help as well as secondary surveys are performed

Intentional Injury and Violence

• Intentional injury involves force, power, or threats causing harm or death
• Interpersonal violence is a cause of death for young people aged 10-29 and includes assault, neglect, suicide, and collective violence
• Bullying is an intentional injury entailing aggressive, repeated behavior (written, verbal, electronic)
• The Anti-Bullying Act of 2013 (RA 10627) mandates anti-bullying policies in schools
• Gang and youth violence arise from gang involvement, which leads to violence, drug trafficking, and abuse
• Kidnapping is taking or detaining someone via force, threat, or deceit
• Abduction includes criminal taking of a person by persuasion, fraud, or force
• Stalking is unwanted surveillance causing distress
• Extortion involves obtaining goods through coercion
• Illegal fraternity violence includes hazing resulting in injury or death
• Acts of terror entail violent actions to instill fear for political, ideological, or religious goals
• Domestic violence involves a pattern of abuse to control a family member
• Suicide includes intentionally ending one's own life
• Sexual victimization is coerced, unwanted sexual acts
• The Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (RA 7877) exists in the Philippines

Overview of Wounds

• A wound is a skin break/damage to deeper tissues caused by injuries
• Open wounds feature exposed tissue
• Closed wounds involve internal damage without a skin break
• Incisions are clean cuts
• Contusions (bruises) involve localized bleeding
• Lacerations are deep, jagged tears
• Hematomas are blood collections outside vessels
• Avulsions involve tissue being torn away

Wound Care and Bandaging

• Wound dressing protects with sterile material to aid healing and prevent infection
• Dressings encompass commercially prepared and improvised types
• Purposes of dressing include controlling bleeding, absorbing fluid, and preventing infection
• Bandaging secures dressing; key principles include pressure and maintaining circulation
• Bandage types include ace wrap for support and triangular for slings
• Special bandaging techniques are required for the head

Emergency Response to Injuries

• When dealing with a forehead injury a snug wrap is required, but avoiding making it too tight
• The shoulder requires the use of a cravat for immobilization
• The hand involves considering finger positions when bandaging
• The chest requires ensuring there is full support of the injured area
• Carrying the injured safely is crucial in emergencies
• One-person carries work for minor injuries
• Lover’s carries maintain mobility and comfort
• Ankle drags are valuable for short distances
• Two-person carries are best for heavier injuries
• Hammock carries offer significant support/comfort

Strains, Sprains and Fractures

• Sprains are stretched or torn ligaments, usually affecting joints like ankles/knees
• Strains involve stretched/torn muscles/tendons, commonly in the lower back/hamstrings
• For sprains/strains, R.I.C.E. (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) is the protocol
• Fractures involve broken or cracked bones from excessive force
• Treatment includes immobilizing the area applying a support above and below the area

Heat Emergency and Poisoning Response

• Heatstroke symptoms include high body temperature (>40°C or 104°F), hot/dry skin, rapid pulse, and possible seizures/unconsciousness
• Response includes moving to a cooler spot, loosening clothing and applying compresses
• It also includes providing fluids if conscious, and calling emergency services
• Poisoning symptoms include nausea, dizziness, and breathing issues
• Response involves identifying the poison, calling for assistance and ensuring fresh air

Choking Response

• Choking involves an airway obstruction
• In the event of partial airflow the individual should be encouraged to cough

Heart Attack Response

• A heart attack is caused by blocked blood flow
• It is vital you call emergency services
• Keep the person calm and in a seated position and perform CPR if they lose consciousness

Understanding Recreation

• Recreation is a leisure activity meant to rejuvenate the body and mind
• Motives include socializing, collective interest, competition, and exploration
• Classifications include arts/crafts, environmental activities, and sports/fitness
• Indoor recreation involves activities inside for relaxation

Sports

• Badminton traces back to ancient games and became an Olympic sport in 1992
• Basketball entails endurance, coordination, and teamwork,
• Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith at YMCA Training school
• Volleyball also involves teamwork and communication
• Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan

Zumba

• Zumba was created in the 1990s
• Zumba incorporates Latin music and suits all fitness levels

Outdoor Recreation

• Encompasses leisure in natural spaces for relaxation
• Hiking involves walking on trails
• Camping is temporary stays with shelters
• Orienteering includes navigation with maps
• Biking Includes riding a bicycle

Hiking Backpacks

• Medium items stored include utensils, some clothing, and a tent body
• Light items include sleeping bags, rain gear
• Heavy items include water, stove, fuel, food, and tent poles

Hiking Essentials

• Ten essential hiking systems include navigation tools and light sources
• Further hiking essentials include sun protection, first aid, knives and fire
• Moreover items such as shelter, food, and extra layers are considered essential

Environment

• Recreational activities should respect nature and leave no trace
• Sustain practices and conserve local resources

Science of Energy

• Energy is the capacity to do work, existing as Kinetic and Potential
• Potential energy is stored, such as Gravitational energy dependent on height and mass
• Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds
• Nuclear Energy holds a nucleus through fusion
• Elastic Energy possesses mechanical energy to deform
• Kinetic energy is transferred to an object due to motion
• Motion includes energy with aspects of speed and mass
• Thermal energy causes vibration
• Radiant energy travels through waves

Energy Types Continued

• Sound energy moves through substances in longitudinal waves
• Electrical energy includes the flow of negatively charged electrons
• Energy transformation shifts energy from one form to another
• It is the sum of Kinetic/Potential Energy, remaining constant (TMEinitial = TMEfinal) due to mechanical energy laws
• James Prescott Joule stated that work can convert to heat
• Heat is the energy transfer in relation to temperature
• Thermodynamics studies energy movement in a system

Thermodynamics

• During Isobaric processes the system expands/contracts at a fixed pressure
• Isovolumetric processes do not change the volume
• Adiabatic processes are where no heat is transferred, and temperature changes
• Isothermal processes maintains consistent temperatures
• The Carnot Cycle transfers heat from a cooler to warmer region
• Rankine/Brayton Cycles converts heat into mechanical work to generate electricity
• Otto/Diesel Engines govern how fuel energy is converted to mechanical work

Energy Transfer Principles

-Energy loss becomes heat -Inefficiencies are the measurements of energy wasted compared to effective energy used -Entropy is the measure of disordered energy over time -Dissipation is the process of energy lost from a system -Efficiency measures the input energy converted instead of being lost -Energy involves used with less energy for more work -Energy inefficiency involves sometimes wasted heat -Insulation slows heat transfer -Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created, but transformed -Friction slows motion; air resistance creates drag -Heat dissipation spreads energy; electricity flows through a conductor