Preventing Firefighter Disorientation Ch2 Easy
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the distinct terminology mentioned in the text?

  • To confuse firefighters about the risks associated with disorientation
  • To discourage firefighters from addressing the risk of disorientation
  • To enable firefighters to refer to and communicate the risk associated with disorientation in a mutual language (correct)
  • To complicate communication among firefighters

    • What do the new terms mentioned in the text provide for firefighters?

  • Ability to understand different types of disorientation and how to avoid them (correct)
  • Ability to increase confusion during working fires
  • Ability to complicate risk assessment
  • Ability to ignore the risks associated with disorientation

    • Why is it important to understand a building's structural design when assessing danger associated with structures involved in fire?

  • It has no relevance to assessing danger associated with structures involved in fire
  • It complicates risk assessment for firefighters
  • It confuses firefighters about the danger associated with structures involved in fire
  • It serves as a major indicator of the amount of danger associated with the building (correct)

    • What are the five fundamental structural designs incorporated by buildings, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Opened structures, opened structures with a basement, enclosed structures, enclosed structures with a basement, and high-rise hallways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What height is considered the threshold for a structure to be classified as 'enclosed'?

    <p>20 ft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rationale for retention of the current fall height criteria?

    <p>Risk associated with falls from structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of one story of a building in terms of fall height?

    <p>$10$ ft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of victims who fell >20 ft suffered serious injuries according to the report?

    <p>$9.4$%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the fall height criterion for adults established as a component of the Decision Scheme?

    <p>$1986$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a potentially fatal fall for any firefighter who needs to make an emergency evacuation?

    <p>A fall of greater than 20 ft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what percentage of disorientation cases examined was there no sprinkler system in the structure or the system did not operate?

    <p>$90$%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the U.S. Fire Administration note about high-rise structures more than 20 years ago?

    <p>The danger associated with unprotected high-rise structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was documented about members of fire departments in New York during a working structure fire incident?

    <p>Two firefighters were forced to bail out from a second-story window and both survived.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did NIOSH document about FDNY firefighters in 2005?

    <p>Two firefighters did not survive after jumping from fourth-floor windows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some hazards that firefighters in opened structures face?

    <p>Prolonged zero-visibility conditions, flashover, backdraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structures lack operable sprinkler systems?

    <p>Opened structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of structure requires a worst-case scenario approach due to potential fire size and fuel loading?

    <p>Opened structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structures have a higher risk for firefighter fatalities than opened structures?

    <p>Enclosed structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What size of structures are considered enclosed due to the difficulty in quick ventilation and evacuation during a worst-case scenario?

    <p>$100 ft. \times 100 ft.$ or greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some hazards that firefighters face in enclosed structures?

    <p>Deep-seated working fires, heavy fuel loading, complex interior floor plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structures lack windows or doors for prompt ventilation and emergency evacuation?

    <p>Enclosed structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that determines firefighter survival according to the text?

    <p>Windows and doors availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can make structures enclosed and dangerous by preventing emergency evacuation during interior attacks?

    <p>Security bars and metal gates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of structure are windows or doors available for prompt ventilation and emergency evacuation?

    <p>Opened structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment do firefighters work in, according to the text?

    <p>$IDLH$ (immediately-dangerous-to-life-and-health) environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a role in disorientation and evacuation according to the text?

    <p>Presence or absence of windows or doors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structures typically lack operable sprinkler systems?

    <p>Enclosed structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What materials can be used to enclose windows or doors in architecturally designed or altered structures?

    <p>Plywood sheeting and brick and mortar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the cause of death for the three firefighters from engine company 11 in the Philadelphia high-rise building fire?

    <p>Running out of air in their SCBAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor eventually stopped the fire in the high-rise building in Philadelphia?

    <p>Ten sprinkler heads activating on the 30th floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the destruction caused by the high-rise fire in the First Interstate Bank building in Los Angeles?

    <p>Lack of an automatic sprinkler system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the incident involving the First Interstate Bank building demonstrate about high-rise buildings?

    <p>The absolute need for automatic sprinklers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the firefighter fatality in Fall River, Massachusetts, despite the presence of an operable sprinkler system?

    <p>Blinding smoke and confusion from entangled hose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was being installed at the First Interstate Bank building at the time of the fire?

    <p>An automatic sprinkler system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was found on the 28th floor despite firefighters radioing that they were on the 30th floor during a high-rise building fire in Philadelphia?

    <p>Their bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stopped a high-rise building fire when it reached a certain floor?

    <p>Fully sprinkled floors with activated sprinkler heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a high-rise building constructed in 1973 lack at the time of a destructive fire?

    <p>Automatic sprinkler system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was considered extremely dangerous during a fire according to incidents mentioned in the text?

    <p>Enclosed structures without an operable sprinkler system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What caused firefighter disorientation and fatality in Fall River, Massachusetts?

    <p>'Blinding smoke and confusion from entangled hose'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Three firefighters from engine company 11 died in a high-rise building fire in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1991.
    • They were attempting to ventilate the center stair tower, but became disoriented and ran out of air in their SCBAs.
    • Their bodies were later found on the 28th floor, despite their radioing that they were on the 30th floor.
    • An eight-member search team also ran out of air in the mechanical area on the 38th floor.
    • The fire was eventually stopped when it reached the fully sprinkled 30th floor, and ten sprinkler heads activated at different points of fire penetration.
    • The incident emphasized the danger and difficulties of managing operations in a dark, smoke-filled high-rise building.
    • In 1988, the Los Angeles City Fire Department faced the most challenging and difficult high-rise fire in the city’s history.
    • The fire, which originated on the 12th floor of the First Interstate Bank building, destroyed four floors and damaged a fifth floor.
    • The fire claimed one life, injured 35 occupants and 14 fire personnel, and resulted in a property loss of over $5 million.
    • The building, constructed in 1973, had no automatic sprinkler system, but one was being installed at the time of the fire.
    • The decision was made to activate the system only upon completion of the entire project, leaving the valves controlling the sprinklers on completed floors closed.
    • The incident demonstrated the absolute need for automatic sprinklers to provide protection for tall buildings.
    • Enclosed structures without an operable sprinkler system are considered extremely dangerous during a fire.
    • Even when protected by an operable sprinkler system, operations in an enclosed structure can be potentially fatal.
    • An incident occurred in 1987 in Fall River, Massachusetts, where a firefighter died despite the presence of an operable sprinkler system.
    • Firefighters became disoriented by the blinding smoke and confusion from entangled hose in the building.
    • Numerous hazards were encountered in the large, three-story, enclosed structure involving a dye-processing facility.
    • The seat of the fire was located only 20 ft. from the point of entry, but the hazards worked against the firefighters and contributed to the firefighter disorientation and fatality.

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    Test your knowledge of risk management in firefighter operations with this quiz. Learn about effective strategies for extinguishing structure fires and keeping firefighters safe.

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