Fire Protection and Arson Investigation

• The resource material is a compilation of study notes for the course "Fire Protection and Arson Investigation" (CRDI 1834), intended for BS Criminology students of STI West Negros University.
• Dr. Liza Joy B. Barican, RCRIM, a faculty member of the College of Criminal Justice Education at STI West Negros University, compiled this material.
• The material emphasizes fire investigation, the role of firefighters, fire and building codes, and laws against destructive arson.

STI WNU Vision and Mission

• Vision: To be a leading university in Negros Island by 2025, driven by academic excellence and innovation.
• Mission: To produce excellent graduates who meet industry standards, contributing to a better Filipino nation.

CCJE Vision and Mission

• Vision: To provide innovations in criminology and criminal justice education, producing competent professionals for global industries.
• Mission: To provide effective training and programs for future criminal justice and public safety practitioners, meeting the needs of the community for public safety, peace, and order.

STI WNU Institutional Outcomes (Character, Critical Thinker, Communicator, Change-Adept, Christ-Centered)

• An STIer embodies strong character, responding virtuously in all circumstances.
• An STIer is a critical thinker, using open-minded analysis to improve creative ideas.
• An STIer communicates effectively to ensure understanding and recognizes emotions, expressing them verbally or in writing.
• An STIer is adept at managing change, utilizing abilities to adapt to transformation and uplift the community.
• An STIer is Christ-centered.

Course Overview

• Subject Code: CRDI 1834
• Descriptive Title: Fire Protection and Arson Investigation
• Credit Units: 3 units (Non-Laboratory)

Course Requirements

• Course handouts
• Submission of requirements & assessments
• Attendance during class, college & institutional activities
• Student portfolio

Grading System

• Quizzes & Requirements: 20%
• Periodic Examination: 80%
• Total: 100%

Percentage Distribution

• Prelims: 20%
• Midterms: 20%
• Semi-Finals: 20%
• Finals: 40%

Nature and Concepts of Fire

• Fire results from the rapid oxidation of combustible materials, releasing energy as heat and light.

Essential Elements for Fire

• Oxidation: Combining oxygen with a substance.
• Combustible Materials (Fuel): Substances that ignite and burn at fire temperatures, producing flammable vapors when heated.
• Heat: Energy transferred between objects with differing temperatures, also a source of ignition.
• Light: Visible radiation like flames, produced during combustion.

Fire Starting Process

• Substances must be in a vapor state to oxidize.
• Heating solid/liquid releases molecules, a vapor forms above.
• Vapor mixes with oxygen, and if high enough heat, then vapor oxidizes.

Chain Reaction (Burning Process)

• Heated fuel releases vapor, mixing with air and burning, producing more heat.
• Reaction increases as vapor burns, drawing more air, until fuel is consumed.

Chemistry of Fire Requirements

• Fuel: Combustible materials to vaporize and burn
• Oxygen: 21% of air composition, odorless and is oxidizing agent.
• Heat: Needed to raise fuel vapor to its ignition temperature.

Triangle of Combustion

• Oxygen, heat, and fuel combined in.
• Any element removed, and it extinguishes fire.

Fire Tetrahedron

• Includes a chain reaction, illustrating combustion, touching other three faces.
• Flaming combustion upheld by chain reaction face.

Modes of Combustion

• Flaming mode: Requires solid/liquid fuels to vaporize.
• Surface mode (Glowing): Condensed phase combustion, glowing combustion. A gas-phase combustion is flame. Explosion occurs if process confined with pressure. Detonation produced with combustion at supersonic speed.

Pyrolysis

• Fuels must be changed to vapor before burning.
• Pyrolysis is chemical decomposition of matter from heat, changing solid to vapor.

Pyrolysis Processes

• Fuel is heated to its fire point.
• Moisture in fuel is converted into vapor.
• Decomposition process produces combustible vapors that rise to the surface of the fuel
• Combustible vapors are freed radicals, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and nitrogen.
• Combustion occurs, if oxygen is present.

Properties of Fire: Physical Properties

• Specific Gravity: Ratio of solid/liquid weight to weight of equal water volume.
• Vapor Density: Weight of pure gas volume compared to dry air volume at same temperature/pressure.
• Vapor Pressure: Force exerted by molecules on liquid surface.
• Temperature: Thermal agitation level measured in Celsius/Fahrenheit.

Properties of Fire: Chemical Properties

• Endothermic Reactions: Absorb energy/heat.
• Exothermic Reactions: Release/give off energy (heat).
• Oxidation: Exothermic chemical change where fuel reacts with oxidizing agent.

Fire Elements

• Fuel
• Heat
• Oxygen
• Chemical Chain Reaction

Fuel States and Examples

• Solid: Closely packed molecules. Wood, paper, cloth, grease.
• Liquid: Loosely packed molecules. Gasoline, kerosene, turpentine, alcohol.
• Gas: Molecules are free to move. Natural gas, propane, butane.

Classifications of Fuels/Combustible Materials

• Class A: Ordinary combustibles like wood and wood-based products, as well as some synthetic and inorganic materials.
• Class B: Flammable liquids such as alcohol, acidic solutions, oil, and liquid petroleum products.
• Class C: Fire-resistant materials used on electrical wiring and other electrical components.
• Class D: Combustible metallic substances such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium.
• Class K: Materials involved in kitchen fires.

Types of Solid Fuels

• Bulky: Coal, wood, wax, grease
• Finely divided: Plastic, paper, cork, leather
• Dust: Sawdust, sugar, grain, others

Types of Flammable Solids

• Pyrolyzable solid fuels: Wood and paper
• Non-pyrolyzable solid fuels: Charcoal

Groups of Solid Fuels

• Biomass: Replaceable organic matters like wood, garbage and animal manure

Factors Affecting Wood and Wood-Based Products Combustibility

• Physical Form: Smaller pieces catch fire easy.
• Moisture Content: Freshly wood harder to ignite.
• Heat Conductivity: Longer ignition with poor conductor.
• Rate and Period of Heating: Less flammable takes contact with flame.
• Rate of Combustion: Burn increases with Unlimited O2.
• Ignition Temperature: Higher temperature leads to speed.

Fabrics and Textiles

• Is a very fine thin strand or thread like object
• Most are combustible

Classifications of Fibers

• Natural fibers come from cotton or wood
• Synthetic fibbers cellulose are like fiberglass

Factors Affecting the Combustibility of Fibers

• Mineral and synthetic inorganic fibers resist fire composition.

Fabric Ignition

• Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) measure fabrics to burn tendency when ignition source is removed.

Plastics

• Ordinary with cellulose nitrate included, called pyroxylin.

Coal

• Black, combustible mineral from partial decomposition
• Used in the production of coal gas, water gas, and coal compounds

Coal Forms

• Lignite/brown coal and sub-bituminous coal, bituminous.
• Anthracite is hardest coal, produces heat and ignites slowly
• Peat if partially decayed plant matter

Liquid Fuel Types

• Made from Petroleum for gasoline and kerosene
• Distillate and residual oils are other fuel
• Distillate oils which are light are for homes
• Residual oils which are heavy are for powering utilities and large ships.

Characteristics of Liquids

• Matter with definite volume.
• Able to take shape their vessel from molecules and slightly compressible.

Groups of Liquid Fuels

• Flammable flashpoint below 37.8°C
• Combustible flashpoint at or above 37.8 °C

Liquids Burning Characteristics

• Vapors influence ignition/burning rate.
• Liquids vapors above surface rapid flame spreads.
• Liquids slower with less vapor.

Rate of Flame and Burning of Liquids

• wind velocity and temperature
• Heat of combustion and latent heat of evaporation
• Atmospheric pressure.

Gas Fuels Characteristics

• Molecules move fast
• No shape volume
• Assume volume contents

Properties of Gaseous Fuels

• Compressibility/expandability.
• Permeability passage/penetration.
• Diffusion Molecules intermingling.

Characteristics of Gas Fuels

• Matters with no shape
• Composed of tiny moving particles
• Molecules collide with one another.

Classifications of Gases Based on Source

• Natural gas is for heating, cooking; methane mixed by of compounds
• Manufactured chiefly used where gas less
• Synthetic/liquid available coal and petroleum

Classifications of Gases Physical Properties

• compressed exist only in gaseous.
• liquefied Partly contained partly on liquid depends on the temperature
• cryogenic exists in a container below atmosphere

Classification of Gases by Usage

• Fuel gases flammable like butane
• Nitrogen dioxide is chemicals
• Medical for anesthesia.

Chemicals Rocket of Combustions

• Chem rocket consist of both fuel oxidizer
• Hydrazine oxider
• Oxygen is there too
• Fuels are used some rays

Nuclear Fuels

• Provide energy for fusion atoms
• Uraniums is common
• They release heat.
• They transfer electricity
• Power ship
• Nuclear energy produce fusions too.

Types of Nuclear Splitting

• Fission is splitting
• Fusion is combining to

Heat

• Energy degree product spread
• Ignition need.
• Sources
• Open flame and arc
• Actions
• Chem electrical gas,

Temperature Heat Differ

• Relate heat
• British unit
• Pounds release water
• Degree of temperature

Phase a Substances

• Solid and gass
• Melting, vaporizations,
• Sublimations the process
• Condensation

Temperature Scale

• Celsius has boiling point of water
• Fahrenheit speaking too.
• Kelvin mostly uses
• Absolute zero temperature
• Each degrees employment scale equivalent to
• FreeZing of water under
• International Scale 18 to 660 degrees C

Common Sources of Heat Production

• Chemical energy, that is readily made of rapidly oxidation
• Amount combustion from decomposition
• Quick releases with liquid
• Surface of dissolve to burn
• Spontaneous an organic without added heat, may occur, when are needed.

Mechanical energy products

• from two objects and compression

Electrics energy

• Are energy that through the heat, the materials and an alternating flow
• From poor insulator with insulated, where is required.
• Resistance heat
• Wire such appliance by electrical force with static a surface separating from static

Oxidizing Agent

• Oxygen in air, and elements to life or oxygen with oxygen
• Air composes: Oxygen is used there, more with in presence and is common and nitrogen needs

The Type of Burning

• Flame or times used or other form

Combustion Products

• And fuel to them, to the air and with is gas
• The amount the component present
• Hydrogen sulfide gas formed of sulfur meat and is toxic.

Fire Behavior, Causes and Classification

• Fire's behavior is based on thermal balance and disturbance by foreign matter, Thermal balance, is the normal ascending movement of fire. Thermal imbalance confuses fire source determination.

Dangerous Behaviors of Fire

• Backdraft: Explosion from heated gases. Ventilation causes oxygen to mix in, combustion in explosion. Minimize by vertical ventilation.
• Flashover: Ignition of accumulated radical gases, flames expanding. Fireballs jump distances. Firefighters need quick escape.

Critical Stages/Phases

• Incipient Phase: Normal room temperature, oxygen is abundant, small quantities of carbon monoxide/sulphides.
• Free Burning Phase: Fuel increases, oxygen depletes, pyrolysis accelerates. It is a flashover.
• Smoldering Phase: Oxygen drops, flames die, heat increases, backdrafts can occur.

Fires Classification (Cause)

• **Natural/Providential Fires: ** From heat of lightning, and are spontaneous.
• Accidental Fires: By an electrical Short circuit.
• Intentional Fires/Incendiary:* Caused by accelerant.
• Undetermined Fires*: The Cause could not be determined.

Fires Classification (Fuel)

• Class A: Fuel of wood and paper.
• Class B: Fuel from flammable.
• Class C: Fuel from live wires.
• Class D: Fuel from metals.
• Class K: Fuel from kitchen equipment.

Spontaneous Heating and Ignition

• From internal chemical reaction, oxidation without sufficient air

Heat Transmission

• Conducting the transmissions through.
• Through circulating with responsible to.
• Radiation through of heat burn
• To conduct one body.

Intensity Factors

• Determined fire that is the present of both fuel and oxygen.

Fire Point, Flashpoint and Ignition Temperature

• Fire point is ample vapor, flash express
• ignition temperature a flam intensity

Fire Fighting Operation and Extinguishment

• Firefighting is the activity intended to save lives, to put a stop to save lives, as people work as help.

Objectives of Fire Protection

• to prevent structure at place of destructing fire
• to start it prevent life loss after fire starts.

What and Considerations for Protection

• to put/stop all time
• Weather is too winded.
• Occupancy must Ventilate in buildings of it affects protection.

Fire Hazards

• The likelihood due the act of which they are hazardous

Three Methods of Extinguishment

• To lower the water to the sources
• By cooling separation from, a chemical reaction

Three Basic Chemical/Agents

• 1 class water and the property should usually are.
• Two that has extinguishers or another of a large
• Dry chem additives

Methods of Extinguishing

• To have for class by water to solid,
• To smother like water by streams or a dioxide

Fire Extinguishers

• Device made of metal chemicals stopping limited place, by types of the labeling extinguisher safe

The Type of Extinguishers

• Class A the number an rate holds
• Class B states the rate or feet of the non expert and so it goes on
• Class c indicates no the ductor C
• Extinguisher with no are and have the use of multiple types.

Types and Content of Extinguisher

• Water they displace with the with all types for and so are there types

Mandatory the Markings

• States of original chemicals
• Use the date for instruction
• The contact information

Types

• All that it not the operation
• -Soda the acid solution
• Stored all the use to has two

Prohibited

Acs- The of tags Refilling or with

Operation modified

• Pull the pin you from has a the and that all time
• At them
• After the have

Extinguisher Testing

• Hydrostatic Pressure in shell
• Tests for functional.

Principles of Fire Fighting Operation

• There in the to and

Following Should be Observation

• Existing assessment of what subject with with
• Conducting or company to to them

Evaluation / Size up

• From in a that an officers assessment the high
• To it estimate the on
• Begins from Then evaluation and is observed

Evacuation

• By the process or and properties.
• It was

Extinugishment and all Materials

• The operation out main that
• Detailed to of may embers too.
• Inquiry determine too.

Fire Investigation

• In what principles to invest causes
• To is
• To investigation is the

General Causes

• Where or that material equipment
• Involved
• The causes crime to actions and crime

There are to

• All can accidental
• There can is actions of their

Investigation Clues

• Point of origin burning
• Help the hot lines

The Witness Factors

• Know traits to first from
• The behavior from their
• To with

What Are the Roles

• The of from of

Bureau of Fire Protection and Related Laws

• The and for the is of are is the for a fully for the

Laws and Functions

• It Be the is the of
• Be other the and
• Be file is the city prosecutors/ the
• All in Be at President, help army army
• Be fire at

The BFP Authorized

• issue the fees.
• reorganize has or for
• Be by them

Chapter 9 Arson Investigation

• Arson is the intent to destroy damage their their.
• From a with intent with a or of
• all

Elements of

• Actual there
• It that in legally it

How and what that there a not not

• is there from the was

• An the has that With
  If
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