Financial Statements Overview

Purpose: Provide an overview of the financial position and performance of a company.
Types:
- Balance Sheet: Assets = Liabilities + Equity; shows financial position at a specific date.
- Income Statement: Revenues and expenses over a period; shows profitability.
- Statement of Cash Flows: Cash inflows and outflows categorized into operating, investing, and financing activities.
- Statement of Changes in Equity: Changes in owner's equity during a period.
Components:
- Assets: Current (cash, inventory) and Non-current (property, plant, equipment).
- Liabilities: Current (accounts payable, short-term debt) and Long-term (bonds payable).
- Equity: Common stock, retained earnings, other comprehensive income.

Concept: Criteria for recognizing revenue in financial statements.
Key Principles:
- Identification of the contract: Agreement between buyer and seller.
- Performance obligations: Distinct goods/services promised in a contract.
- Transaction price: Amount expected to be received.
- Allocation of transaction price: Distributing the transaction price to performance obligations.
- Recognition when performance obligations are satisfied: Revenue is recognized when control of the good/service is transferred to the customer.
Methods of Revenue Recognition:
- Point in time: Revenue recognized at the transfer of control.
- Over time: Revenue recognized as performance obligations are fulfilled over time.

Definition: Obligations due beyond one year or the operating cycle.
Types:
- Bonds Payable: Borrowing through bond issuance; interest payments and repayment of principal.
- Notes Payable: Formal written promises to pay a certain amount at a future date, including interest.
- Leases: Long-term rental agreements; classified as operating or capital leases.
Accounting Recognition:
- Initially recorded at present value of future cash flows.
- Interest expense recognized over time using the effective interest method.

Purpose: Determine the value of inventory for financial reporting.
Methods:
- FIFO (First-In, First-Out): Assumes oldest inventory is sold first; rising prices lead to lower COGS and higher net income.
- LIFO (Last-In, First-Out): Assumes newest inventory is sold first; rising prices lead to higher COGS and lower net income.
- Weighted Average Cost: Average cost of all items available for sale during the period.
Lower of Cost or Market Rule: Inventory should be reported at the lower of its historical cost or its current market value to avoid overstatement.
Impact on Financial Statements: Inventory valuation affects COGS, gross profit, and ultimately net income.

Financial statements provide insights into a company's financial position and performance.
Types include:
- Balance Sheet: Reflects the accounting equation, stating that assets equal liabilities plus equity; captures the company's financial status at a specific date.
- Income Statement: Summarizes revenues and expenses over a specific period to evaluate the profitability of the company.
- Statement of Cash Flows: Displays cash movements categorized into operating, investing, and financing activities.
- Statement of Changes in Equity: Tracks the changes in owner’s equity throughout a period.
Key components to know include:
- Assets: Divided into current (e.g., cash, inventory) and non-current (e.g., property, plant, equipment).
- Liabilities: Comprised of current (e.g., accounts payable, short-term debt) and long-term (e.g., bonds payable).
- Equity: Consists of common stock, retained earnings, and other comprehensive income.

Revenue recognition outlines the criteria for how and when revenue is recorded in financial statements.
Key principles involve:
- Identification of the contract: Establishes the agreement between buyer and seller.
- Performance obligations: Represents distinct goods or services promised in the contract.
- Transaction price: The expected amount to be received from the buyer.
- Allocation of transaction price: Involves distributing the total transaction price among identified performance obligations.
- Recognition of revenue: Revenue is recognized when control of the good or service is transferred to the customer.
Revenue recognition methods include:
- Point in time: Recognizes revenue at the point control transfers.
- Over time: Recognizes revenue as performance obligations are progressively fulfilled.

Long-term liabilities refer to obligations due beyond one year or the operating cycle.
Common types include:
- Bonds Payable: Funds raised through issuing bonds; involves interest payments and principal repayments.
- Notes Payable: Legal commitments to pay a specific amount on a designated future date, including interest.
- Leases: Extended rental agreements classified into operating and capital leases.
Accounting recognition requires:
- Initial recording at the present value of future cash flows.
- Recognition of interest expense over time using the effective interest method.

Inventory valuation is essential for accurate financial reporting.
Various methods include:
- FIFO (First-In, First-Out): Assumes older inventory is sold first; in times of rising prices, this results in lower Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) and higher net income.
- LIFO (Last-In, First-Out): Assumes the newest inventory is sold first; rising prices lead to higher COGS and lower net income.
- Weighted Average Cost: Calculates the average cost of all inventory available for sale within the period.
Lower of Cost or Market Rule: Requires inventory to be reported at the lesser of its historical cost or current market value to prevent overstatement of assets.
Inventory valuation impacts COGS, gross profit, and overall net income.

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