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What is the first stage in the accounting process after a transaction occurs?
What is the first stage in the accounting process after a transaction occurs?
What does the trial balance help prepare?
What does the trial balance help prepare?
Which field of accounting focuses on assisting management in planning and decision-making?
Which field of accounting focuses on assisting management in planning and decision-making?
What type of accounting is utilized for controlling operations to maximize efficiency and profit?
What type of accounting is utilized for controlling operations to maximize efficiency and profit?
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What happens to nominal accounts at the end of the accounting period?
What happens to nominal accounts at the end of the accounting period?
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What is the primary characteristic of the hybrid accounting system?
What is the primary characteristic of the hybrid accounting system?
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Who is credited with the first comprehensive treatise on the principles of the Double Entry System?
Who is credited with the first comprehensive treatise on the principles of the Double Entry System?
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the Double Entry System?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the Double Entry System?
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What must occur for every debit in the Double Entry System?
What must occur for every debit in the Double Entry System?
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In what year did Luca Pacioli publish his treatise on the principles of the Double Entry System?
In what year did Luca Pacioli publish his treatise on the principles of the Double Entry System?
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What is a major benefit of maintaining personal accounts under the Double Entry System?
What is a major benefit of maintaining personal accounts under the Double Entry System?
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Which accounting method allows for selection from multiple suitable options like FIFO or LIFO?
Which accounting method allows for selection from multiple suitable options like FIFO or LIFO?
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Which statement about the Double Entry System is true?
Which statement about the Double Entry System is true?
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What is the primary purpose of Cost Accountancy?
What is the primary purpose of Cost Accountancy?
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Which of the following best characterizes the Accrual Basis of Accounting?
Which of the following best characterizes the Accrual Basis of Accounting?
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Under which accounting basis are prepaid expenses and accrued incomes usually found in the balance sheet?
Under which accounting basis are prepaid expenses and accrued incomes usually found in the balance sheet?
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How does the Income Statement differ between Accrual and Cash Basis in the context of outstanding expenses?
How does the Income Statement differ between Accrual and Cash Basis in the context of outstanding expenses?
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What is a significant characteristic of Management Accounting?
What is a significant characteristic of Management Accounting?
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What is the primary purpose of maintaining accounts in a business?
What is the primary purpose of maintaining accounts in a business?
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Which of the following statements best describes the difference in income reported using Accrual versus Cash Basis for accrued income?
Which of the following statements best describes the difference in income reported using Accrual versus Cash Basis for accrued income?
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What might be a limitation of using Cash Basis of Accounting?
What might be a limitation of using Cash Basis of Accounting?
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Which of the following is a limitation of the double entry system?
Which of the following is a limitation of the double entry system?
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Which side of an account is referred to as the 'Debit' side?
Which side of an account is referred to as the 'Debit' side?
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Which of the following would NOT be included in the accounts under the Cash Basis of Accounting?
Which of the following would NOT be included in the accounts under the Cash Basis of Accounting?
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Which of the following describes a personal account?
Which of the following describes a personal account?
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What does the trial balance prepared under the double entry system fail to disclose?
What does the trial balance prepared under the double entry system fail to disclose?
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What does 'Cr' stand for in an account?
What does 'Cr' stand for in an account?
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In accounting, how are transactions that affect similar persons recorded?
In accounting, how are transactions that affect similar persons recorded?
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Why is it necessary for stakeholders like banks to understand business accounts?
Why is it necessary for stakeholders like banks to understand business accounts?
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Which of the following is an example of a tangible real account?
Which of the following is an example of a tangible real account?
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What type of account is used to represent expenses or losses?
What type of account is used to represent expenses or losses?
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When an asset is sold for cash, which account is typically credited?
When an asset is sold for cash, which account is typically credited?
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If a business has a debit balance, what does it imply about the account?
If a business has a debit balance, what does it imply about the account?
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What does the term 'credit' originate from in Latin?
What does the term 'credit' originate from in Latin?
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Which transaction would lead to a credit entry in the books?
Which transaction would lead to a credit entry in the books?
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What is the primary purpose of the accounting equation?
What is the primary purpose of the accounting equation?
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If the total debits for an account amount to ₹10,000 and the total credits to ₹6,000, what is the account's balance?
If the total debits for an account amount to ₹10,000 and the total credits to ₹6,000, what is the account's balance?
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Study Notes
Recording Transactions
- Transactions are recorded in chronological order in a subsidiary book
- Transactions are then recorded in a journal, chronologically
- All journal entries are then posted to a ledger, chronologically and classified
- A trial balance is prepared at the end of a period using the ledger account closing balances
- Adjustment entries are recorded before preparing the financial statements
- A trial balance may also be prepared after adjustment entries are recorded
- Closing journal entries are recorded to close nominal accounts
- Financial statements are prepared to show the true financial state of the business
Accounting Classification
- Financial Accounting - Determines the financial results and state of affairs on the last day of an accounting period
- Cost Accounting - Creates information to monitor operations, maximize efficiency, and profitability
- Management Accounting - Accounting to assist management in planning and decision-making
Financial Accounting
- Financial Accounting is also called Accounting
- Recording, classifying, and summarizing financial transactions in terms of money, and interpreting the results thereof
Cost Accounting
- Cost accounting applies costing and cost accounting principles to cost control, profit ascertainment, and information for managerial decision-making
Management Accounting
- Management accounting uses financial and cost accounting information to assist with business decisions for management and control functions
Accrual Basis of Accounting
- Revenues, costs, assets, and liabilities are recorded on the balance sheet when they accrue
- Includes deferrals, allocations, depreciation, and amortization
- Also called mercantile basis
Cash Basis of Accounting
- Revenues, costs, assets, and liabilities are recorded on the balance sheet when cash is received or paid
Distinctions between Accrual and Cash Accounting
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Prepaid/Outstanding Expenses/Accrued/Unaccrued Income
- Accrual basis includes these items on the Balance Sheet
- Cash basis does not include these on the Balance Sheet
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Higher or Lower Income
- Accrual basis shows higher income with prepaid expenses and accrued income
- Accrual basis shows lower income with outstanding expenses and unaccrued income
- Cash basis shows lower income with prepaid expenses and accrued income
- Cash basis shows higher income with outstanding expenses and unaccrued income
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Choice of Accounting Methods
- Accrual basis allows for the choice of accounting methods
- Cash basis does not allow for choice of accounting methods
Hybrid or Mixed Basis
- Incomes are recognized when they are received in cash
- Expenses are recognized when they arise, regardless of when they are paid
Double Entry System
- First published in 1494 by Luca Pacioli
- Records both cash and mercantile transactions
- Also impacted auditing
Feature of the Double Entry System
- Each transaction has two parties: one that gives the benefit and one that receives it
- Transactions are divided into debit and credit
- Each debit has a corresponding credit
Advantages of the Double Entry System
- Records effects of a transaction on both parties
- Ensures accuracy (every credit has a corresponding debit)
- Preventions, minimizes, and detects fraud
- Errors can be readily identified and corrected
- Determines the balances of receivables and payables
- Compares the financial position of the business from year to year
- Facilitates decision-making
- Creates the trading and profit and loss accounts for the year ended, and the balance sheet
- Helps government determine tax liability
- Helps government determine the health of businesses
- Helps stakeholders make informed decisions
Limitations of the Double Entry System
- Does not disclose all errors committed in the books of accounts
- Does not disclose all errors
- It is costly to maintain the books of accounts
Account Concept
- A summarized record of transactions related to a person or a thing
- Usually expressed in the form of a 'T'
- Divided into debit (left) and credit (right)
Types of Accounts
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Personal Account - Related to individuals or organizations
- Real - Related to tangible (physical) or intangible assets
- Tangible - Assets that can be seen and touched
- Intangible - Assets with no physical form but measurable value
- Nominal - Related to expenses or losses and incomes or gains
- Real - Related to tangible (physical) or intangible assets
Debit and Credit Concepts
- Debit - Derived from 'debitum' (what we will receive)
- The recipient of the benefit
- Credit - Derived from 'credre' (what we have to pay)
- The source or giver of the benefit
- Each debit must equal the credit
- The difference between debit and credit balances equals the account balance
Accounting Equation
- Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity
- This is a vital principle of accounting demonstrating the relationship between what a company owns, what it owes, and what its owners have invested
- To construct an accounting equation, first determine the sources and uses of funds
- Sources are what come into a business
- Uses are what leave a business
- The accounting equation should always be in balance
- When one side of the equation increases, the other side should increase by the same amount
- If one side decreases, the other side should decrease by the same amount
Illustration 3: Accounting Equation for January 2015
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Assets: What the business owns (cash, plant, goods)
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Liabilities: What the business owes (creditors, Das & Co.)
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Owner's Equity: What the owner invests (capital)
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January 1
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Transaction: Invested Capital in the firm ₹20,000
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Accounting Equation:
- Assets (Cash) = ₹20,000
- Liabilities (None) = ₹0
- Owner's Equity (Capital) = ₹20,000
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Accounting Equation:
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Transaction: Invested Capital in the firm ₹20,000
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January 2
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Transaction: Purchased goods on credit from Das & Co. for ₹2,000
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Accounting Equation:
- Assets (Goods) = ₹2,000
- Liabilities (Das & Co.) = ₹2,000
- Owner's Equity (None) = ₹0
-
Accounting Equation:
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Transaction: Purchased goods on credit from Das & Co. for ₹2,000
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January 4
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Transaction: Bought plant for cash ₹ 8,000
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Accounting Equation:
- Assets (Plant) = ₹8,000
- Assets (Cash) = ₹12,000
- Liabilities (None) = ₹0
- Owner's Equity (None) = ₹0
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Accounting Equation:
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Transaction: Bought plant for cash ₹ 8,000
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January 8
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Transaction: Purchased goods for cash ₹ 4,000
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Accounting Equation:
- Assets (Goods) = ₹ 6,000
- Assets (Cash) = ₹8,000
- Liabilities (None) = ₹0
- Owner's Equity (None) = ₹0
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Accounting Equation:
-
Transaction: Purchased goods for cash ₹ 4,000
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January 12
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Transaction: Sold goods for cash (Cost ₹ 4,000 + Profit ₹ 2,000) ₹ 6,000
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Accounting Equation:
- Assets (Cash) = ₹ 14,000
- Assets (none) = ₹ 2,000
- Liabilities (None) = ₹0
- Owner's Equity (Profit) = ₹ 2,000
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Accounting Equation:
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Transaction: Sold goods for cash (Cost ₹ 4,000 + Profit ₹ 2,000) ₹ 6,000
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January 18
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Transaction: Paid to Das & Co. in cash ₹ 1,000
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Accounting Equation:
- Assets (Cash) = ₹13,000
- Liabilities (Das & Co.) = ₹1,000
- Owner's Equity (None) = ₹0
-
Accounting Equation:
-
Transaction: Paid to Das & Co. in cash ₹ 1,000
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January 22
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Transaction: Received from B ₹ 2,000
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Accounting Equation:
- Assets (Cash) = ₹15,000
- Liabilities (None) = ₹0
- Owner's Equity (Sale) = ₹2,000
-
Accounting Equation:
-
Transaction: Received from B ₹ 2,000
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Note: The owner's equity is adjusted within the accounting equation every time a transaction impacts revenue or profit
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Description
This quiz covers the essential processes of recording transactions in financial accounting, including journal entries, ledger postings, and the preparation of trial balances and financial statements. Understand the distinctions among financial, cost, and management accounting to grasp how each classification supports business management and planning.
