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Questions and Answers
Bahala na has an exact English translation according to Lynn Bostrom.
Bahala na has an exact English translation according to Lynn Bostrom.
False (B)
Dr. Alfredo Lagmay defined 'bahala na' as fatalism.
Dr. Alfredo Lagmay defined 'bahala na' as fatalism.
False (B)
Enriquez was in favor of foreign scholars studying Filipino values without immersing themselves in the culture.
Enriquez was in favor of foreign scholars studying Filipino values without immersing themselves in the culture.
False (B)
The Filipino personality is not a popular area of study for foreign scholars.
The Filipino personality is not a popular area of study for foreign scholars.
Filipino scholars were encouraged by Enriquez to reevaluate Filipino values using a non-Filipino orientation.
Filipino scholars were encouraged by Enriquez to reevaluate Filipino values using a non-Filipino orientation.
Thomas Andres was the first psychologist to analyze the concept of 'bahala na'.
Thomas Andres was the first psychologist to analyze the concept of 'bahala na'.
Filipinos say 'Bahala na!' to leave their fate to God and remain passive.
Filipinos say 'Bahala na!' to leave their fate to God and remain passive.
According to Tomas D. Andres, hiya is an ingredient in why Filipinos overspend during fiestas.
According to Tomas D. Andres, hiya is an ingredient in why Filipinos overspend during fiestas.
A.Bonifacio stated that the word hiya does not change meaning depending on the affixes added to it for Filipinos.
A.Bonifacio stated that the word hiya does not change meaning depending on the affixes added to it for Filipinos.
Z.Salazar argued that the more appropriate translation of hiya in English is 'shame'.
Z.Salazar argued that the more appropriate translation of hiya in English is 'shame'.
Virgilio Enriquez speculated that utang na loob promotes reciprocity in Filipino culture.
Virgilio Enriquez speculated that utang na loob promotes reciprocity in Filipino culture.
'Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan' translates to 'Those who do not know how to look back where they came from will never reach their destination'.
'Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan' translates to 'Those who do not know how to look back where they came from will never reach their destination'.
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Study Notes
The Study of Filipino Values
- The Filipino personality has been a popular area of study for many foreign scholars, who have published their versions of Filipino values without immersing themselves in the culture.
- Enriquez encouraged Filipino scholars to take a second look at these values using a Filipino orientation.
Bahala Na
- Bahala na is a Filipino cultural value with no exact English translation.
- Lynn Bostrom (1968) compared bahala na to American fatalism, while Alfredo Lagmay (1977) defined it as "determination and risk-taking" rather than fatalism.
- When Filipinos say "Bahala na!", they are preparing themselves to face a difficult situation and do their best to achieve their objectives.
Hiya
- Hiya is a Filipino value characterized by active and sacrificial self-control for the sake of others.
- W.Sibley (1965) translated hiya as "shame", while Frank Lynch (1961) described it as "an uncomfortable feeling of being in a socially unacceptable position".
- Tomas D. Andres (1994) linked hiya to overspending during fiestas to please visitors, even to the extent of going into debt.
- A.Bonifacio (1976) said that hiya changes meaning depending on the affixes added to it, and Z.Salazar (1981, 1985b) translated it as "sense of propriety".
Utang Na Loob
- Utang na loob is a Filipino value that enables them to meet the demands of the world around them.
- C.R.Kaut (1961) translated it as "debt of gratitude", and Andres defined it as "the principle of reciprocity".
- Virgilio Enriquez (1977) speculated that there is an element of wanting to promote reciprocity, useful for maintaining the image of the colonizer as benefactor.
- Utang na loob actually means "gratitude/solidarity", expressed in the Filipino saying: "ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan".
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