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Questions and Answers
What was the primary focus of the Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP) during President Aquino's administration?
Which of the following projects was part of the 'Build, Build, Build' Program under President Duterte?
What major issue did the Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP) identify regarding Philippine R&D?
What initiative aimed to improve the transport infrastructure in the Philippines during Duterte's presidency?
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Which plan proposed closer collaboration among the private sector, academe, and government?
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What was the purpose of the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999?
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Which act focuses specifically on science and technology personnel?
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What significant term was coined during the administration of President Gloria Arroyo?
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Which contribution is associated with Edgardo D. Gomez under President Benigno Aquino?
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Which law was introduced to foster new businesses emerging from the internet?
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During whose administration was the term
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Which scientist is known for pioneering research on coral reefs?
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What was one of the educational goals under President Joseph Estrada?
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What significant legislative act was passed by the Philippine Congress in 1958?
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Which president enacted many laws promoting science and technology during Martial Law?
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Which organization was established to support agricultural research and development?
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What was one of the notable accomplishments regarding education during the Marcos regime?
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Under which article of the 1973 Philippine Constitution was the advancement of science and technology prioritized?
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Which institution was created to serve as a reservoir of scientific and technological expertise?
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What was one of the actions taken to foster research during the Marcos regime?
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Which of the following was established under the Department of National Defense?
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What was the primary reason for the emphasis on trade during the Spanish colonial period?
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Which educational institution was established first in the Philippines during the Spanish regime?
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What impact did the opening of the Suez Canal have on the Spanish colony?
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What was the purpose of the Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos Del Pais de Filipinas?
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Which product was notably promoted by the Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos Del Pais de Filipinas?
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In what year did the colonial authorities issue a royal degree to reform the educational system?
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Which university opened the school of medicine and pharmacy in 1871?
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Who is considered the father of Philippine Pharmacy?
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What was one major issue with the approach of the STAND regarding targeted industries?
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What was a key focus of the DOST Medium-Term Plan (DMTP) for 1999-2004?
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How did the NSTP 2020 plan to support the country's economic development?
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What challenge did the DMTP face regarding its strategies?
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What was a result of the consultations conducted during the selection of industries in STAND?
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Which strategy did the DMTP attempt to avoid in its planning approach?
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What was one of the 13 'winners' identified in the STAND?
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What was the objective of the NSTP 2020?
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Study Notes
### Spanish Colonial Era
- Spanish colonial authorities focused on trade for profit, neglecting agriculture and industrial development.
- The opening of the Suez Canal brought European visitors to the Philippines which influenced Filipinos to study in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment.
- The Colegio de San Ildefonso in Cebu was founded in 1595.
- The Colegio de San Ignacio in Manila was founded in 1595.
- The Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Rosario in Manila was founded in 1597.
- The Colegio de San Jose in Manila was founded in 1601.
- The San Juan Lazaro Hospital, the oldest in the Far East, was founded in 1578.
### 17th and 18th Centuries
- Galleon shipwrecks and pirate attacks during the 17th and 18th centuries led to an economic depression in Manila.
### The Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos Del Pais de Filipinas
- The Royal Economic Societies of Friends of the Country was founded in 1780 by Governor Jose Basco y Vargas.
- The organization encouraged research in agriculture and industry.
- The society promoted growing indigo, cotton, cinnamon, and the silk industry.
- In 1789, Manila opened to Asian shipping, increasing exports of rice, hemp, tobacco, sugar, and indigo in exchange for imported manufactured goods.
### The 19th Century
- In 1863 the Spanish colonial authorities issued a royal decree to reform the educational system.
- In 1871 the school of medicine and pharmacy opened at the University of Santo Tomas (UST).
### Leon Ma. Guerrero and Philippine Pharmacy
- 62 graduates received a Licenciado en Medicina degree (equivalent to a Master's degree).
- The first 6 graduates of the pharmacy program (equivalent to a Bachelor's degree) included Leon Ma. Guerrero.
- Leon Ma. Guerrero was considered the father of Philippine Pharmacy due to his work on Medicinal Plants of the Philippines.
### American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era
- The Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science in 1946.
- In 1958, under President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958, establishing the National Science Development Board.
Marcos Era and Martial Law
- The 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9 (1) declared that "the advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development."
- President Ferdinand Marcos enacted many laws promoting science and technology during his two terms and during Martial Law.
Notable S&T Accomplishments of the Marcos Regime
- The Department of Education revitalized science courses in public high schools.
- Additional funds supported projects in applied sciences and science education.
- Private universities received a portion of the war damage fund to encourage science and technology courses and research.
- Science curricula and teaching equipment were upgraded.
- Research and development schools, technical institutes, science education centers, agricultural colleges, and vocational high schools were established.
- The National Grains Authority was created.
- The Philippine Council for Agricultural Research was established to support the development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.
- Scientific research and invention were promoted
### Notable S&T Accomplishments of the Marcos Regime (Continued)
- The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) was established under the Department of National Defense.
- Presidential Decree No. 334 established the Philippine National Oil Company.
- The National Academy of Science and Technology was established as a resource for scientific and technological expertise.
### Fidel V.Ramos
- The Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (RA 8439) was passed.
- The National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology was developed.
- The Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) was created.
- The Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act (RA 7459) was passed.
- The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (RA 8293) was passed.
Under President Joseph Estrada
- The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749) was passed to protect the environment and ensure sustainable development of natural resources.
- The Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792) was passed to outlaw computer hacking and provide opportunities for new businesses emerging from the internet.
### Under President Joseph Estrada (cont.)
- A full-scale program on cost-effective irrigation technologies was developed.
- Investments were made in basic healthcare, nutrition, and education.
- A program to establish one science high school per province was accelerated.
- Schools and businesses were encouraged to adopt Internet technology and infrastructure.
- The e-Commerce Act was passed.
### Under President Gloria Arroyo
- The era was dubbed the "golden age" of science and technology.
- Numerous laws and projects involving the environment and science pushed scientific and technological innovation.
- The term "Filipinnovation" was coined to promote the Philippines as an innovation hub in Asia.
- Schools and the education system were strengthened to focus on science, technology, and math.
- The Biofuels Act (RA 9367) was passed.
### Under President Benigno Aquino
- Four new National Scientists were conferred for their scientific contributions:
- Gavino C. Trono
- Angel C. Alcala
- Ramon C. Barba
- Edgardo D. Gomez
Gavino C. Trono
- Gavino C. Trono conducted extensive studies on seaweed species, which helped families in coastal areas.
Angel C. Alcala
- Angel C. Alcala pioneered research and advocacy for coral reefs, and contributed to the fields of systematics, secology, and herpetology.
Ramon C. Barba
- Ramon C. Barba conducted studies on mango flowering induction and micropropagation of important crop species. His work made year-round mango availability possible.
Edgardo D. Gomez
- Edgardo D. Gomez led a national-scale assessment of damage to coral reefs resulting in a national conservation program.
### Under President Rodrigo Duterte
- The Balik Scientist Law was passed.
- The North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR) was established.
- The Philippine Space Act was passed.
- The Quezon Energy Facility was developed.
- The Kaliwa Dam Project was initiated.
- The Jeepney Modernization Program was implemented.
- The Color-Coded Agricultural Guide Map was created.
- The Digital Imaging for Monitoring and Evaluation (DIME) program was launched.
### Under President Rodrigo Duterte (cont.)
- The "Build, Build, Build" program, consisting of 75 projects, was launched:
- 6 airports
- 9 railways
- 3 bus rapid transits
- 32 roads and bridges
- 4 seaports
- 4 energy facilities
- 10 water resource projects and irrigation systems
- 5 flood control projects
- 3 redevelopment programs
### Philippine S&T Plans
- Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP) 1991-2000
- Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) 1993-1998
- DOST Medium-Term Plan (DMTP) 1999-2004
- National Science & Technology Plan (NSTP) 2002-2020
### Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP) 1991-2000
- The STMP was a 10-year plan formulated during President Aquino's administration.
- The STMP was the first attempt by the Philippine government (specifically the DOST) to create a comprehensive and long-term science and technology plan.
- The plan identified issues plaguing Philippine science and technology:
- low investment in research and development (R&D)
- poor science and technology education
- a lack of private sector participation in R&D
- inadequate attention to market demand for R&D and innovation
- lack of technology transfer and commercialization
### Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP) 1991-2000 (cont.)
- The STMP addressed these issues with proposed measures:
- global technological searches to attract expatriate scientists
- greater private sector involvement in R&D
- closer collaboration among the private sector, academia, and the government.
### Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP) 1991-2000 (cont.)
- While the programs in the STMP were sound, the resources to implement them were lacking, and the targets appeared optimistic.
### Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) 1993-1998
- STAND was a medium-term science and technology plan developed under President Ramos ( 1993-1998).
- STAND employed a strategy of targeting specific industries as “export winners”.
### Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) 1993-1998 (cont.)
- Thirteen industries were identified for government support:
- computer software
- marble
- fashion accessories
- electronic products
- marine products
- garments and textiles
- fruits (fresh and processed)
- construction services
- gifts, toys, and housewares
- professional services
- furniture metals fabrication
- ornamental and horticulture products
### Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) 1993-1998 (cont.)
- STAND may have targeted too many industries, spreading scarce public and private resources thinly.
- The industry selection process was not based on objective criteria, making it less effective and susceptible to special interest influence.
### DOST Medium-Term Plan (DMTP) 1999-2004
- The DMTP for 1999-2004 was primarily a departmental plan of the DOST.
- It was more limited in scope than previous plans.
- The DMTP sought to avoid "picking winners" by focusing on a few “flagship programs” while maintaining regular programs.
### DOST Medium-Term Plan (DMTP) 1999-2004 (cont.)
- The DMTP struggled to balance the need for long-term development of the country's science and technology infrastructure against the need to address poverty alleviation.
### National Science & Technology Plan 2002-2020 (NSTP 2020)
- The NSTP 2020 is a long-term plan that sets the direction for science and technology development in the Philippines for 18 years.
- The plan reflects the S&T community's response to national leadership's call for science and technology to be the foundation of economic development.
- The plan aligns with the visions and goals outlined in the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP).
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Description
Explore the significant events and institutions established during the Spanish Colonial Era in the Philippines. This quiz covers the establishment of educational institutions and the economic impact of galleon shipwrecks and pirate attacks in the 17th and 18th centuries. Test your knowledge on how these historical aspects shaped Filipino society.
