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Questions and Answers
What is a potential drawback of students being taught specific problem-solving patterns?
How can the instructions given to students influence their performance in synthetic tasks?
What is one reason Large Language Models (LLMs) were originally developed?
What might be a better approach to teaching programming patterns according to the content?
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What does the content suggest about the relationship between synthetic tasks and general ability?
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How many inches across would a 4 million pixel square picture be when printed on a printer with 4000 dots per inch?
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What portion of a screen with 1000 dots across would be visible when viewing a 4 million pixel image?
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How many bits are required to represent an image with 128 different colours?
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How much memory is required to store a black and white image that is 10 pixels high and 5 pixels wide?
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What is the total memory required to store an image that has 256 different colours and is 3 pixels high and 5 pixels wide?
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What is the primary purpose of copyright law in relation to file sharing?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of notice issued by ISPs according to the Copyright Act 1994?
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What is the maximum penalty that the Copyright Tribunal can impose for copyright infringement?
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Which of the following best describes the function of ASCII?
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In which number system do computers primarily operate?
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How many characters can ASCII represent due to its 7-bit code?
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What condition must be present for a computer to register a binary '1'?
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What is the starting ASCII value for the uppercase letter 'A'?
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What is a characteristic feature of high-level programming languages?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes low-level programming languages?
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What significant contribution did Grace Hopper make to programming languages?
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What is one of the primary aims of Artificial Intelligence, specifically focused on creating useful artifacts?
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Which of the following is NOT an area of research in Artificial Intelligence?
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What year is recognized for the initial coinage of the term 'Artificial Intelligence'?
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What is the philosophical aim of Artificial Intelligence focused on?
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Which of the following best describes the role of an assembler in programming?
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What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number 123?
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What is the primary difference between KB and KiB?
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Who is recognized as the founder of assembly language?
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Which machine is often regarded as the first programmable digital computer?
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Which statement best describes a Turing Machine?
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The concept of the stored program computer was proposed by which individual?
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What is the value of 128 MB in bytes?
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Which was the primary purpose of the Analytical Engine designed by Charles Babbage?
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What significant contribution did Ada Lovelace make to computer science?
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What is a 'byte' in terms of bits?
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Historical computing primarily utilized which of the following before the industrial revolution?
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What crucial role did the comparator serve in the process of preparing computation tables?
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Which of the following correctly describes a 'Universal Machine' as envisioned by Alan Turing?
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Study Notes
File Sharing
- Dropbox and Google Drive are easy ways to store and share files.
- Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks are another method of sharing files.
- P2P networks use the BitTorrent protocol connecting computers to share data.
- Copyright protects an author's work from being copied without permission.
- The Pirate Bay is a well-known P2P network often used for copyright infringement.
- The Copyright Act 1994 provides a method for copyright holders to address file sharing on P2P networks.
- Infringers can receive up to three notices from their ISP within a nine-month period.
- Detection notice: First warning for infringement.
- Warning notice: Second warning for infringement, issued at least 28 days after the detection notice.
- Enforcement notice: Final warning for infringement, issued at least 28 days after the warning notice.
- Penalties for infringement following an enforcement notice include:
- The Copyright Tribunal can impose penalties up to $15,000.
- The District Court can suspend the infringer's internet connection for up to six months.
ASCII
- ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
- ASCII associates English characters with numbers, allowing text to be stored as strings of binary.
- Each ASCII code is 7 bits long, representing 128 characters.
- Other encoding schemes exist, including UTF-8 and Unicode.
- The letter 'A' starts at 65 in ASCII.
- The letter 'a' starts at 97 in ASCII.
Number Systems
- Computers use the binary number system, with values of 0 or 1.
- Humans use the decimal number system, with values from 0 to 9.
Data Representation in Computers
- Computers control the flow of electrons for data representation.
- Two conditions are easily recognized:
- Presence of a voltage represents '1'.
- Absence of a voltage represents '0'.
- Binary numbers can be converted to decimal values.
- Example: 101111 = (1 x 2^5) + (0 x 2^4) + (1 x 2^3) + (1 x 2^2) + (1 x 2^1) + (1 x 2^0) = 47.
Prefixes
- A byte consists of 8 bits.
- A nibble consists of 4 bits.
- Bytes are commonly used to measure memory capacity.
- Two sets of prefixes are used: decimal and binary.
Decimal Prefixes
- k = kilo = 10^3
- M = mega = 10^6
- G = giga = 10^9
- T = tera = 10^12
Binary Prefixes
- Ki = kibi = 2^10
- Mi = mebi = 2^20
- Gi = gibi = 2^30
- Ti = tebi = 2^40
Prefixes in Computer Science
- Both decimal and binary prefixes are used in computer science.
- Decimal prefixes are easier to calculate, while binary prefixes are more accurate.
History of Computing
- Computers play a critical role in modern life.
- Early pioneers made discoveries and decisions shaping modern computers.
- There are numerous myths and misinformation surrounding the history of computer science.
Need for Computation
- Before the Industrial Revolution, there was limited need for computation.
- Computation became necessary for:
- Celestial navigation tables
- Artillery firing tables
- Engineering, architecture, insurance, science, and manufacturing.
Charles Babbage
- A Victorian mathematician and inventor known for his ideas about calculating engines.
- He envisioned a calculating engine utilizing the method of finite differences to solve polynomial equations.
The Analytical Engine
- Possessed an architecture similar to modern computers.
- Could solve any problem, not just polynomials.
- Could be programmed, supporting branches, conditionals, and loops.
- Was never fully built.
Ada Lovelace
- Lady Ada Lovelace hypothesized in 1842 that Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine could manipulate symbols beyond numbers, potentially composing music or poems.
- The programming language ADA is named after her.
- She believed the engine could not think independently.
The Universal Machine
- Significant advancements in computer technology emerged during World War II.
- There was an increased need for computation for tasks like artillery firing tables, aerospace design, and cryptography.
Alan Turing
- Demonstrated in the 1930s that a simple computer (Turing Machine) could solve any problem describable by symbols.
- Worked on code-breaking during World War II.
- Contributed to the development of the first program-storing computer at Manchester University.
- Turing was convicted and died by suicide in the 1950s, receiving a pardon in 2013.
The Turing Machine
- Consists of:
- An infinite input/output tape divided into cells containing symbols.
- A read/write head.
- An internal state.
- A set of rules.
Colossus
- The first programmable digital computer in 1943.
- Ten Colossus machines were built for Bletchley Park, England, to crack the Lorenz code used by the German High Command.
- Designed by Tommy Flowers.
- Used 1500 valves (vacuum tubes).
- Remained top secret until the 1970s.
- The ENIAC was later publicized as the "first computer" in 1945.
The Stored Program Computer
- 1945: John von Neumann published a report called "First Draft of a Report on EDVAC" outlining the stored program concept.
- The "von Neumann machine" structure was based on his report:
- A memory containing instructions and data.
- A processing unit for performing arithmetic and logical operations.
- A control unit for interpreting instructions.
- Input/output (I/O) devices.
Assembly Languages
- Kathleen Booth is credited with creating the first assembly language in 1947.
- Assembly languages are low-level, human-readable programming languages, translated into machine code by an assembler.
- Assembly languages are tied to specific computer architectures, making the code non-portable.
High-Level Programming Languages
- Grace Hopper earned a PhD in mathematics from Yale University.
- Served in the US Navy, programming the Mark I at Harvard.
- Hopper created the first compiler in 1952.
- Developed the first high-level programming language, "Flow-matic".
High-Level and Low-Level Programming Language Comparison
-
High-Level Language:
- High level of abstraction.
- Easier to understand and maintain code (resembling English).
- Easier to learn, attracting a wider range of programmers.
- Requires a compiler or interpreter for execution.
- Portable.
-
Low-Level Language:
- Low level of abstraction, closer to machine code.
- Difficult to understand and maintain code.
- Requires an assembler for execution.
- Not portable across different architectures.
Artificial Intelligence
- Computational study of structures and processes supporting intelligent behaviour.
- The term was coined in 1956 at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence.
- Research areas include:
- Computer vision
- Natural language processing
- Robotics
- Knowledge-based systems
- Machine learning.
Aims of Artificial Intelligence
- Three interrelated aims:
- Engineering Aim: To create computational principles and techniques for building "useful" intelligent artefacts.
- Psychological Aim: To develop computational principles and theories for understanding human or animal cognition.
- General/Philosophical Aim: To explore computational principles, theories, and systems for a broader understanding of cognition, including human-made artefacts, naturally occurring organisms, and potential undiscovered entities.
What is Intelligence?
- It's challenging to define intelligence due to the complexity of measuring and analyzing cognitive capabilities.
- Studying intelligence through synthetic tasks (e.g., programming exercises) doesn't always align with "general ability."
- These tasks can be affected by factors like study instructions, leading to inconsistencies in measuring students' abilities.
Teaching Patterns
- Teaching patterns leads to fragile knowledge when students are not taught the underlying principles.
- Students taught specific patterns (A, B, C) may struggle with new problems (D).
- Teaching general programming principles allows students to adapt to new problems.
Large Language Models (LLMs)
- Originally designed for tasks like language classification and translation.
- LLMs are adapted for generating text.
- LLMs can generate code:
- They receive code as input and generate code as output.
- They are a powerful tool for programmers, but they are always learning and still make mistakes.
- They may not understand the underlying logic, only that a certain sequence of code is associated with a certain desired result.
Colour Bitmaps
- Use multiple bits per pixel, mapping binary numbers to colours.
Memory Requirements for Images
- The number of bits required per pixel determines the number of colours that can be represented.
- Example:
- 1 bit: 2 colours
- 2 bits: 4 colours
- 4 bits: 16 colours
- 8 bits: 256 colours
- 16 bits: 65536 colours
- 24 bits: 16777216 colours
Exercises
- How many colours can be represented by 3 bits? - 2^3 = 8 colours
- How many bits are required to represent 128 different colours? - 128 = 2^7. Therefore 7 bits are required.
- How much memory would be required to store a black and white image that is 10 pixels high and 5 pixels wide? Show your working.
- Number of colours = 2^1. Therefore 1 bit is required per pixel.
- Number of pixels = h * w = 10 * 5 = 50
- Memory needed = 50 * 1 = 50 bits
- How much memory (in bytes) would be required to store an image that has 256 different colours and is 3 pixels high and 5 pixels wide? Show your working.
- Number of colours = 256 = 2^8. Therefore 8 bits are required per pixel.
- Number of pixels = h * w = 3 * 5 = 15
- Memory needed = 15 * 8 = 120 bits
- Since 1 byte = 8 bits, the memory needed is 120 / 8 = 15 bytes.
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Description
This quiz covers various methods of file sharing, including cloud storage and P2P networks. It discusses the implications of copyright laws and the penalties for infringement, emphasizing the role of the Copyright Act 1994. Test your knowledge on these critical aspects of file sharing and intellectual property.
