Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does a record represent in a computer file structure?
What does a record represent in a computer file structure?
Which of the following correctly defines a field in a computer file?
Which of the following correctly defines a field in a computer file?
What is the smallest unit of data that can be entered and stored in a computer file?
What is the smallest unit of data that can be entered and stored in a computer file?
What is the purpose of file compression?
What is the purpose of file compression?
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How is a cluster defined in the context of file properties?
How is a cluster defined in the context of file properties?
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What is the primary function of opening a file?
What is the primary function of opening a file?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of good file organization?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of good file organization?
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Which type of file physically exists on secondary storage?
Which type of file physically exists on secondary storage?
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What does seeking in file operations specifically refer to?
What does seeking in file operations specifically refer to?
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Why is it important to organize files effectively?
Why is it important to organize files effectively?
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What is the function of a logical file?
What is the function of a logical file?
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Which operation is used to cut the link between a physical and logical file?
Which operation is used to cut the link between a physical and logical file?
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What is the goal of minimizing the number of disk accesses?
What is the goal of minimizing the number of disk accesses?
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What is the primary purpose of network attached storage (NAS)?
What is the primary purpose of network attached storage (NAS)?
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Which of these is NOT mentioned as a type of storage media?
Which of these is NOT mentioned as a type of storage media?
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What technology is primarily used by RFID to transmit data?
What technology is primarily used by RFID to transmit data?
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Which characteristic sets a smart card apart from other types of storage?
Which characteristic sets a smart card apart from other types of storage?
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What is the primary function of an NFC chip in an NFC-enabled device?
What is the primary function of an NFC chip in an NFC-enabled device?
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How is data generally retrieved from an RFID tag?
How is data generally retrieved from an RFID tag?
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Among the following options, which cloud storage service is mentioned?
Among the following options, which cloud storage service is mentioned?
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What is the usual impact of compressing a file that is already compressed?
What is the usual impact of compressing a file that is already compressed?
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What is the output of the parity function when there are two true inputs?
What is the output of the parity function when there are two true inputs?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of RAID 5?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of RAID 5?
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RAID 10 is often referred to as which of the following?
RAID 10 is often referred to as which of the following?
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Which RAID configuration would be ideal for servers performing many write operations?
Which RAID configuration would be ideal for servers performing many write operations?
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What percentage of storage capacity is effectively used for data in a RAID 10 setup?
What percentage of storage capacity is effectively used for data in a RAID 10 setup?
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What is an advantage of using RAID 5?
What is an advantage of using RAID 5?
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Which scenario presents a potential risk while using RAID 1+0?
Which scenario presents a potential risk while using RAID 1+0?
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What is the primary handling characteristic of file structure?
What is the primary handling characteristic of file structure?
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What is a significant disadvantage of using RAID 0?
What is a significant disadvantage of using RAID 0?
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Which RAID configuration is best suited for mission-critical storage systems?
Which RAID configuration is best suited for mission-critical storage systems?
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What does RAID 5 utilize to allow for continued operation even with one drive failure?
What does RAID 5 utilize to allow for continued operation even with one drive failure?
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What is a primary benefit of using enterprise storage hardware?
What is a primary benefit of using enterprise storage hardware?
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What is a common feature of cloud storage solutions like iCloud and OneDrive?
What is a common feature of cloud storage solutions like iCloud and OneDrive?
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Why might RAID 1 be less efficient in terms of storage capacity?
Why might RAID 1 be less efficient in terms of storage capacity?
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Which of these features is a drawback of utilizing cloud storage?
Which of these features is a drawback of utilizing cloud storage?
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What does the parity in RAID 5 help to achieve?
What does the parity in RAID 5 help to achieve?
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Study Notes
File Organization & Storage
- Files are collections of data stored permanently.
- Files are identified by filenames.
- Files can be documents, pictures, audio/video streams, applications, or other data collections.
- Data stored on disks, hard drives, tapes, optical media, or other non-volatile storage media.
File Operations
- Opening a file connects logical file to physical file.
- Closing a file disconnects the logical and physical file.
- Reading and writing are basic I/O operations on files.
- Seeking refers to accessing a specific location within a file.
- Detecting the end of a file checks for file termination.
- Detecting I/O error checks for any I/O issues.
Good File Structure Characteristics
- Quick access to large amounts of data.
- Reduction in disk access numbers.
- Managing file growth by splitting data collections.
Why Organize Files?
- Grouping related information for quick retrieval.
- Minimizing disk accesses for efficient data retrieval.
- Ideal to retrieve data with one disk access; minimizing disk access where possible.
File Types
- Refer to the slideshow for a list of file types.
Elements of a Computer File
- Records - collections of related fields representing data entries. Examples include student records in a class scoresheet with details like admission number, name, total marks, and position.
- Fields - single character or collections representing data. Example, a student's admission number.
- Characters - the smallest unit in a file representing a letter, number, or symbol. Character coding schemes use 7 or 8 bits.
File Compression
- Compressed files are archives of one or more files, reduced in size.
- Example: AAABBBCC compressed to 3A5B2C.
Compression Sample
- Examples of text compression are in the slides.
Compression File Types
- Refer to the slideshow for a list of compressed file types.
Experiment on File Compression
- Compressing a compressed file may or may not reduce the file size further.
- Methods for compressing files on phones are not detailed.
Part 2: File Storage Media and Technologies
- Identifying storage media (e.g., hard disk, solid-state drive, USB flash drive, memory card, optical disc, magnetic stripe card, smart card, RFID tag, network-attached storage, cloud storage) currently available.
Other Storage Types
- Magnetic stripe cards have a magnetic stripe for storing data.
- Smart cards store data on an embedded circuit.
- RFID tags consist of an antenna and a memory chip to transfer information wirelessly.
- An NFC-enabled device incorporates an NFC chip and an antenna to transmit data.
- Network-attached storage (NAS) is a server for providing storage to network devices.
- Cloud storage services, like Dropbox, Google Drive, iCloud, OneDrive, and BaiduYun, provide online storage.
Application of RFID
- RFID technology is used in inventory management, access control, animal tracking, personnel tracking, identification, and asset tracking.
Other Types of Storage
- NFC-enabled devices use NFC chips and antennas to transmit data.
Network-Attached Storage (NAS)
- NAS is a specialized network server for providing storage.
Cloud Storage Services
- Cloud storage services like Dropbox, Google Drive, iCloud, OneDrive, and BaiduYun offer online storage.
- Features advantages/disadvantages of cloud storage (e.g., accessibility, sharing, backup, and cost).
Enterprise Storage
- Enterprise hardware is designed for large-scale data management and storage demands.
- RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) enhances data efficiency and availability in enterprise settings.
RAID Technology
- RAID technology improves performance by placing data in multiple disks and allowing overlapping file I/O.
- RAID controllers (hardware) and software-based virtualization options are possible.
- Example RAID types (RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5, RAID 1+0)
RAID 0
- Data is split into blocks and written across multiple drives.
RAID 0-Advantages
- Increased I/O performance; no overhead from parity controls; full utilization of storage capacity.
RAID 0-Disadvantages
- Data loss in case of a drive failure; not ideal for continuous data access scenarios.
RAID 1
- Mirroring data on two or more drives.
RAID 1 Disadvantages
- Reduced effective storage capacity (50% due to data duplication), higher expense than RAID 5.
RAID 5
- Block-level striping with parity information spread across drives.
RAID 5 Advantages
- Continued functionality even with a drive failure; data is available even when recovery occurs.
RAID 5 Disadvantages
- Rebuild times can take days; additional drive failure during rebuild may result in data loss.
RAID 1+0
- Combines RAID 1 and RAID 0 for better performance and fault tolerance.
RAID 1+0 Advantages
- Fast rebuild time in case of drive failure and high performance; suitable for intensive write operations.
RAID 1+0 Disadvantages
- Half of storage capacity is used for mirroring; more costly than RAID 5.
Summary
- The summary recaps the covered topics about definitions of file, I/O operations, good file structure, file elements, storage types, different compression types and RAID types.
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Description
Test your knowledge on file organization and storage principles. This quiz covers file types, operations, and characteristics of a good file structure. Understand how efficient file management can improve data retrieval and minimize disk access.
