Fiction and Poetry

Literary Genres: Fiction

• Fiction is narrative prose, imaginatively recreating life but may be unrealistic.
• Elements of fiction include time and place (setting), and the representation of human beings (characters).
• Characterization is how writers reveal character personalities.
• Literary characters personalities are revealed by action, thoughts, descriptions, and authors descriptions.

Literary Genres: Poetry

• Poetry is the oldest literary form.
• Poetry is patterned, using concentrated, imaginative, rhythmical terms.
• Poetry often contains the elements of sense, sound, and structure.

Elements of poetry include:

• Sense of the poem
• Denotation is the dictionary definition of a word.
• Connotation is the suggested or implied meaning beyond the dictionary definition.
• Imagery uses sensory details appealing to the five senses.
• Figurative language is used descriptively, conveying non-literal ideas.
• Figures of speech uses devices with non-literal word definitions.
• Allusion is a brief, indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance.
• Apostrophe is a figure of speech where a speaker directly addresses someone absent, dead, or inanimate.
• Antithesis puts opposite ideas together for a contrasting effect, using parallel structures.
• Hyperbole exaggerates ideas for emphasis ("My grandmother is as old as the hills").
• Irony is a figure of speech where words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words.
• Verbal irony involves saying the opposite of what is meant.
• Situational irony is when an event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience.
• Metaphor implicitly compares unrelated things sharing common characteristics.
• Onomatopoeia is a word that imitates natural sounds to enhance description.
• Oxymoron joins two opposite ideas for effect.
• Paradox is a self-contradictory statement with a latent truth, used to provoke thought.
• Personification gives human traits to nonhuman objects.
• Simile compares different things, showing similarities using "like" or "as”.
• Synecdoche uses a part to represent the whole, or vice versa

Essay

• Essay comes from the French word "essai" meaning trial or test.
• It is a prose composition on a single topic from a limited viewpoint.

Essay Elements:

• Idea
• Motive
• Structure
• Evidence
• Explanation
• Coherence
• Implication
• Presence

Essay Types:

• Strict or impersonal essays deal with serious authoritative topics, scholarly and objective.
• Casual or familiar essays deal with light, ordinary subjects in a friendly, humorous tone.
• Inductive pattern presents specific points leading to a general principle or thesis.
• Deductive pattern develops ideas from a general hypothesis to specific proofs.

Literary Genres: Drama

• Drama is prose in dialogue and action.
• Drama is meant for performance with literature and theater aspects..
• Realism is an accurate, detailed, life-like description in a play.
• Non-realism is stylized or theatricalized with an artist's imagination.
• Tragedy brings the main character to ruin or great sorrow..
• Comedy brings laughter when the protagonist overcomes difficulties and achieves their goal.
• Melodrama is drawn from tragedy, overstated, action-focused, and brings laughter.

Literary Standards

• Literary standards possesses qualities distinct from other writings.
• Universality appeals to everyone regardless of culture, race, gender, and time.
• Artistry has aesthetic appeal, possessing a sense of beauty.
• Intellectual Value stimulates critical thinking, enriching abstract and reasoning processes.
• Suggestiveness evokes emotional power, defining symbolisms and implied meanings.
• Spiritual Value elevates the spirit and soul, inspiring through morals and lessons.
• Permanence endures across time, being both timely and timeless.
• Style presents unique perspectives on life, marked by memorable substances.
• Exposition is the introductory material that gives the setting, creates the tone, presents the characters, and presents other facts necessary to understanding the story.
• Foreshadowing indicates hints or clues to suggest what will happen.
• Inciting force event triggers the conflict.
• Conflict is the essence of fiction, driving the plot.
• Rising Action is a series of events that builds from the conflict.
• Crisis is when the conflict reaches the turning points.
• Climax is the result of the crisis and the high point of the story for the reader
• Falling action closes the story with events after the climax.
• Resolution (Denouement) explains the rounding out and concludes the action.
• Major characters are three-dimensional, dynamic with good and bad qualities that evolve.
• Minor characters are two-dimensional and static, with one or two qualities, lacking depth.

Point of View

-​First person narrators reveal personal thoughts and feelings. -​Third-person objective narrators report only what they see and hear. -​Third-person limited narrators see into one character's mind. -​Omniscient narrators can enter multiple minds.

Conflict

• Man versus Man is the conflict of one person against another.
• Man versus Nature the runs-in with natural forces which tests human limits.
• Man versus Society challenges societal customs and values.
• Man versus Self is an internal conflict testing a character's values.

Foreshadowing

• Foreshadowing is how the author hints or clues toward events in the story -Frequently creates suspense by building questions to encourage the reader to continue
  • It also adds believability by subtly preparing the reader for later events. -Irony is the contrast between expectation and reality.

Three Types of Irony:

-Verbal Irony is when the meaning contrasts to what is said

• Irony of Situation is when it refers to happening opposite of what intended
• Dramatic Irony is when the audience or reader knows more than the characters

Literary Elements

TONE - Author's implied attitude that reveals words and details MOOD - Climate of feeling in work that creates setting, objects, details, images, and word choice SYMBOLISM - Person, place, object suggesting multiple meanings beyond obvious. THEME - Main idea or literary work meaning that is may imply statement or opinion on topic IMAGERY - Langue that appeals to the senses by using descriptions related to people objects

Five Genres of Literature

• Poetry
• Drama
• Prose
• Non-Fiction
• Media

Other

• Poetry is the oldest literary form meant to remember and recite.
• Prose is any written text not poetry.
• Drama is text meant for performance.
• Non-fiction features actual people and events.
• Media is a newer category including movies, websites, and commercials.
• Oral literature is the oldest form, foundational to culture.
• Folklore/Folk Tales/Fables has a distinction between regular prose and folklore.
• Graphic Novels & Comic Books are forms of literature suitable for children. Cultural Model - Literature that aims to understand and relate to culture and its values. Language Model - Lliterature that promotes development of vocabulary and structure. Personal Growth - Literature that aims for helping individual pleasure and deep satisfaction

Literary Devices

• Technique used by writers for special effect.
• Figures of Speech/Sound Devices - devices w/words, phrases/sentences in non-literal definition.
• Allusion - brief reference to person, place, thing, idea of historical or literary significance.
• Antithesis - rhetorical device w/opposing ideas for contrasting effect.
• Apostrophe - speakers address someone not present or inanimate object
• Hyperbole - Figure of speech using extreme exaggeration.
• Types of Irony - verbal and situational.
• Metaphor – figure of speech comparing 2 things w/o using like/as.
• Onomatopoeia – words which sounds like what they describe.
• Oxymoron – figure of speech combines 2 contradictory terms.
• Paradox – Greek word paradoxon meaning contrary to expectations
• Personification – giving human qualities to non-human things.
• Simile – figure of speech that compares 2 things using like/as
• Synecdoche - Part of something is used to refer to the whole thing

ASEAN Literature

• ASEAN=Association of Southeast Asian Nations=Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam.
• It was established in 1967 (Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) to promote cooperate on economical, political, social levels and regional stability.

Philippine Literature

• Literal Approaches =Feminism/New Historicism/Formalism or New Criticism
• Feminism -Literary pieces deal with women characters that reject common gender norms dominated by masculinity.

Filipino Women -

• Beverly Wico Sy - (Bebang Sy): Injects humor to write essays of Filipina women experience in macho culture - works = "It’s A Men’s World"/"It’s Raining Mens" /"Nuno Sa Puso: Pag-Ibig"/"Nono Sa Puso: Relasyon". Paz Marquez - Benitez - published 1st modern short story in Philippines ("dead stars" published in 1925). Genoveva Edroza-Matute – taught Filipino for 50 yrs at PNU; wrote "Ang Kwento ni Mabuti"/"Sa Ilalim ng Araw na Pula". New Historicism - Interprets in socio-historical atmosphere cultural context. Formalism or New Criticism – Formulate information with piece details & focus on rhetorical/logical connections.