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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of gastroenteritis?
What is the primary cause of gastroenteritis?
Which of these symptoms is NOT commonly associated with foodborne illness?
Which of these symptoms is NOT commonly associated with foodborne illness?
Which condition is characterized by blockages in the intestines?
Which condition is characterized by blockages in the intestines?
What factor does NOT increase the risk of constipation?
What factor does NOT increase the risk of constipation?
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Which bacteria is known to convert ammonia from urea to neutralize gastric acid?
Which bacteria is known to convert ammonia from urea to neutralize gastric acid?
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What symptom is characteristic of a bowel obstruction?
What symptom is characteristic of a bowel obstruction?
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Which of the following reasons categorically leads to constipation?
Which of the following reasons categorically leads to constipation?
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Which statement about food allergies and intolerances is incorrect?
Which statement about food allergies and intolerances is incorrect?
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What is the primary cause of most peptic ulcers?
What is the primary cause of most peptic ulcers?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with gastritis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with gastritis?
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What role does the mucosal epithelium play in protecting the stomach from gastric acid?
What role does the mucosal epithelium play in protecting the stomach from gastric acid?
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Which of the following factors is NOT a known risk factor for chronic gastritis leading to gastric cancer?
Which of the following factors is NOT a known risk factor for chronic gastritis leading to gastric cancer?
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What defines gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
What defines gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
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Which condition is characterized by inflammation associated with mucosal injury?
Which condition is characterized by inflammation associated with mucosal injury?
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What is a common consequence of hyperacidity and excessive pepsin activity in the gastrointestinal tract?
What is a common consequence of hyperacidity and excessive pepsin activity in the gastrointestinal tract?
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Which of the following disorders is associated with chronic inflammation of the bowel?
Which of the following disorders is associated with chronic inflammation of the bowel?
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What is the primary cause of cholera infection?
What is the primary cause of cholera infection?
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Which mechanism does cholera toxin primarily utilize to cause diarrhea?
Which mechanism does cholera toxin primarily utilize to cause diarrhea?
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Which of the following conditions are likely to contribute to cholera outbreaks?
Which of the following conditions are likely to contribute to cholera outbreaks?
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What type of virus does the family Caliciviridae include?
What type of virus does the family Caliciviridae include?
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What major symptom is typically associated with botulism?
What major symptom is typically associated with botulism?
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How does Clostridium botulinum primarily affect the body?
How does Clostridium botulinum primarily affect the body?
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What is the primary action of the accessory cholera enterotoxin (ACE)?
What is the primary action of the accessory cholera enterotoxin (ACE)?
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What kind of toxin is botulinum toxin classified as?
What kind of toxin is botulinum toxin classified as?
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What percentage of adults typically have true food allergies?
What percentage of adults typically have true food allergies?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a food allergy?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a food allergy?
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What is the main characteristic that distinguishes food intolerance from food allergies?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes food intolerance from food allergies?
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Which of the following bacteria is known to cause severe, bloody diarrhea?
Which of the following bacteria is known to cause severe, bloody diarrhea?
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What type of organism primarily hosts Salmonella bacteria?
What type of organism primarily hosts Salmonella bacteria?
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What symptom is more commonly associated with Norovirus compared to other pathogens?
What symptom is more commonly associated with Norovirus compared to other pathogens?
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What complication can occur several weeks after an E coli O157:H7 infection?
What complication can occur several weeks after an E coli O157:H7 infection?
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What is a known genetic component associated with inflammatory bowel disease?
What is a known genetic component associated with inflammatory bowel disease?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
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What triggers the inflammatory response in Coeliac Disease?
What triggers the inflammatory response in Coeliac Disease?
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Which of the following statements best describes the pathology of Coeliac Disease?
Which of the following statements best describes the pathology of Coeliac Disease?
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Which condition is characterized by changes in bowel tissue and an increased risk of colorectal cancer?
Which condition is characterized by changes in bowel tissue and an increased risk of colorectal cancer?
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What major factor is implicated as a trigger for inflammatory bowel disease?
What major factor is implicated as a trigger for inflammatory bowel disease?
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How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect gastrointestinal health?
How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect gastrointestinal health?
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What is a common misconception regarding the causes of stomach ulcers?
What is a common misconception regarding the causes of stomach ulcers?
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What is the primary initial influence on the developing infant microbiome?
What is the primary initial influence on the developing infant microbiome?
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Which microorganism is NOT associated with Crohn's disease?
Which microorganism is NOT associated with Crohn's disease?
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How can antibiotic use affect the gut microbiome?
How can antibiotic use affect the gut microbiome?
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What are the major types of inflammatory bowel disease?
What are the major types of inflammatory bowel disease?
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What effect does a reduced diversity of gut microbiota indicate?
What effect does a reduced diversity of gut microbiota indicate?
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Which factor is NOT listed as affecting the gut microbiome?
Which factor is NOT listed as affecting the gut microbiome?
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What symptom is common in ulcerative colitis?
What symptom is common in ulcerative colitis?
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What type of immune response is impaired in Crohn's disease?
What type of immune response is impaired in Crohn's disease?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: HSS3305 Pathophysiology of Health Problems
- Credits: 3
- Professor: Dr. Karen Phillips
- University: University of Ottawa
Digestive System Conditions
-
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD):
- Chronic symptoms or mucosal damage caused by abnormal reflux in the esophagus.
- Transient or permanent changes in the esophageal sphincter between the esophagus and stomach.
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Gastritis:
- Multiple causes, including alcohol and H. pylori.
- Injury to the gastric mucosa.
- Associated with epithelial damage/regeneration.
- Inflammation associated with mucosal injury.
- Symptoms include indigestion, heartburn, abdominal pain, hiccups, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting (possible blood or coffee-ground material), and dark stools.
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Chronic Gastritis and Gastric Cancer Risk:
- Non-H. pylori infection: 0% annual gastric cancer incidence.
- Established H. pylori infection: approximately 0.1% annual gastric cancer incidence
- Extensive CAG (chronic atrophic gastritis): approximately 0.25% annual gastric cancer incidence.
- Metaplastic gastritis: approximately 1% annual gastric cancer incidence.
- Prevention of gastric cancer is possible through H. pylori eradication and dietary habits. NSAIDS can potentially be a factor.
-
Peptic Ulcers:
- Ulcer in a region of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and extremely painful.
- Approximately 80% of ulcers are associated with Helicobacter pylori.
- Caused by hyperacidity and excessive pepsin activity,
-
Foodborne Illnesses:
- Often caused by bacteria or parasites in food or water.
- Symptoms can include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea/vomiting, and gastroenteritis.
-
Constipation:
- Generally described as having fewer than three bowel movements a week.
- Could be extremely painful.
- Causes include blockages in the colon or rectum, bowel obstruction, colon or rectal cancer, problems with the nerves around the colon (e.g., multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease), spinal cord injury, difficulty with elimination muscles, conditions affecting hormones (e.g., diabetes, pregnancy), and older age.
- Risks include older age, dehydration, diet low in fiber, lack of physical activity, and certain medications.
-
Bowel Obstruction:
- Occurs when the small or large intestine is partly or completely blocked.
- Blockage prevents normal movement of food, fluids, and gas through the intestines.
- Severe cases are medical emergencies, with risks of sepsis and potentially requiring surgery.
- Can cause significant pain that comes and goes.
-
Diarrhea:
- Stool has too much water to reabsorb.
- Causes can range from viral or bacterial infections to food intolerances, medications, and other gut diseases.
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Food Allergies vs. Food Intolerances:
- True food allergies are uncommon (1% of adults, 5% of children)
- Adverse reaction to food triggered by the immune system
- Signs and symptoms include those that develop soon after eating a food within an hour (e.g., itching/wheezing/nasal congestion, trouble breathing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dizziness).
-
Microbiome Disorders
-
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD):
- Inflammatory condition of the colon and small intestine with major types, including Crohn's and ulcerative colitis.
-
Crohn's disease:
- Inflammatory bowel disease that can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract.
- Characterized by pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and associated problems such as rashes and arthritis.
- Causes include autoimmune response, genetics (CARD15 gene, XBP1 gene), and environmental factors (smoking, microbial biofilm).
-
Ulcerative Colitis:
- Inflammation of the colon that develops into ulcerations.
- Characterized by constant diarrhea and bloody stools.
- Causes include genetics (twin studies, family history), autoimmune factors, and environmental factors such as diet low in fiber.
-
IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome):
- Affects the large intestine.
- Symptoms include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea, or constipation.
- Most people with IBS control their symptoms by managing diet, lifestyle, and stress.
- Doesn't cause permanent tissue changes or increase the risk of colon cancer.
-
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD):
-
Coeliac/Celiac Disease:
- Weight loss, pale stool, abdominal pain, diarrhea
- Impacts nutrient absorption (vitamins A, D, E, and K).
- Anemia could be a result of problems with blood clotting related to impaired absorption of vitamin K.
- Pathology of the small intestine.
- Cause autoimmune issues
- Genetically caused by HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8.
- Sensitivity to gliadin (gluten protein) which triggers inflammation, atrophy of the intestines.
-
Cholera:
- Infection of the small intestine.
- Caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
- Toxin released by the bacteria causes increased secretion of water and chloride ions in the intestine, leading to massive diarrhea.
- Death can result from severe dehydration from chronic diarrhea.
-
Botulism:
- Caused by Clostridium botulinum (gram-positive bacteria).
- Usually traced to eating improperly prepared foods.
- Botulism is a toxin-based poisoning rather than a bacterial infection.
- Produces a potent neuroparalytic toxin.
- Symptoms include double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness.
- Botulinum toxin blocks neurotransmitter release at peripheral cholinergic nerve terminals.
- Botulinum toxin is used in small doses as Botox to treat muscle spasms,
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