Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which fiber is known for being one of the lightest synthetic fibers and has excellent elastic recovery?
Which fiber is known for being one of the lightest synthetic fibers and has excellent elastic recovery?
Which fiber was discovered as a derivative of coal, air, water, and petroleum?
Which fiber was discovered as a derivative of coal, air, water, and petroleum?
What is a key characteristic of glass fiber?
What is a key characteristic of glass fiber?
Which fiber is noted for its resemblance to silk in luster and weight?
Which fiber is noted for its resemblance to silk in luster and weight?
Signup and view all the answers
Which fiber is mainly used for outdoor furniture upholstery and screening?
Which fiber is mainly used for outdoor furniture upholstery and screening?
Signup and view all the answers
What unique property does spandex have?
What unique property does spandex have?
Signup and view all the answers
Which synthetic fiber is incredibly strong, even stronger than comparably sized steel?
Which synthetic fiber is incredibly strong, even stronger than comparably sized steel?
Signup and view all the answers
Which fiber is typically used in hospital cubicle curtains due to its washability and drip-dry property?
Which fiber is typically used in hospital cubicle curtains due to its washability and drip-dry property?
Signup and view all the answers
Which fiber is frequently blended with other fibers to enhance their performance?
Which fiber is frequently blended with other fibers to enhance their performance?
Signup and view all the answers
Which fiber is mainly used as a barrier fabric in seating and in bullet-resistant vests?
Which fiber is mainly used as a barrier fabric in seating and in bullet-resistant vests?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of circular knit fabric?
What is a characteristic of circular knit fabric?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of knitted fabric has a smooth surface on both sides?
Which type of knitted fabric has a smooth surface on both sides?
Signup and view all the answers
Which knitted fabric is known for its excellent body and stability?
Which knitted fabric is known for its excellent body and stability?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a distinctive feature of Milanese knitted fabric?
What is a distinctive feature of Milanese knitted fabric?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of fabric is produced by silver knitting to create a deep pile effect?
Which type of fabric is produced by silver knitting to create a deep pile effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What does 'tricoter' mean in French, relating to tricot fabric?
What does 'tricoter' mean in French, relating to tricot fabric?
Signup and view all the answers
Which straw material has a dull finish and is fine and lightweight?
Which straw material has a dull finish and is fine and lightweight?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of knitted fabric has less body, substance, and stability than double knit?
What type of knitted fabric has less body, substance, and stability than double knit?
Signup and view all the answers
What is another name for an Irregular Weave?
What is another name for an Irregular Weave?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of weave has a diagonal texture and results from heavier weft yarn compared to warp yarn?
Which type of weave has a diagonal texture and results from heavier weft yarn compared to warp yarn?
Signup and view all the answers
Which weave emphasizes the continuous weft yarn with minimal warp interruptions, producing a smooth, shiny surface?
Which weave emphasizes the continuous weft yarn with minimal warp interruptions, producing a smooth, shiny surface?
Signup and view all the answers
In which weave do two or more weft threads interlace with the same number of warp threads?
In which weave do two or more weft threads interlace with the same number of warp threads?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a form of satin weave made from mercerized cotton where filler yarns dominate the face of the textile?
What is a form of satin weave made from mercerized cotton where filler yarns dominate the face of the textile?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of weave results in an appearance of a predominantly diagonal pattern offset by one thread from the previous weft thread?
Which type of weave results in an appearance of a predominantly diagonal pattern offset by one thread from the previous weft thread?
Signup and view all the answers
Which weave involves creating loops or piles that stand out from the fabric surface and is woven with three fibers?
Which weave involves creating loops or piles that stand out from the fabric surface and is woven with three fibers?
Signup and view all the answers
Which weave is known for resisting soil, wrinkling less, and being more flexible and drapeable than plain weaves of similar quality?
Which weave is known for resisting soil, wrinkling less, and being more flexible and drapeable than plain weaves of similar quality?
Signup and view all the answers
What is created by lifting the second set of warp yarns into a plain weave to create a solid back?
What is created by lifting the second set of warp yarns into a plain weave to create a solid back?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following combines with velvet pile to form a corduroy-like effect?
Which of the following combines with velvet pile to form a corduroy-like effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is tapestry essentially?
What is tapestry essentially?
Signup and view all the answers
Which loom is most commonly used for weaving tapestry?
Which loom is most commonly used for weaving tapestry?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ancient people are thought to have introduced tapestry weaving to the Egyptians?
Which ancient people are thought to have introduced tapestry weaving to the Egyptians?
Signup and view all the answers
Which early group of Egyptian Christians were known for their tapestry weaving?
Which early group of Egyptian Christians were known for their tapestry weaving?
Signup and view all the answers
In tapestry weaving, what is done to produce shading?
In tapestry weaving, what is done to produce shading?
Signup and view all the answers
Where did the Moors settle to help refine tapestry weaving?
Where did the Moors settle to help refine tapestry weaving?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a country mentioned for producing tapestries of extraordinary loveliness?
Which of the following is NOT a country mentioned for producing tapestries of extraordinary loveliness?
Signup and view all the answers
When did the Navajo first transition from weaving blankets to rugs?
When did the Navajo first transition from weaving blankets to rugs?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines the fineness of a tapestry?
What determines the fineness of a tapestry?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of loom was considered inferior during the Middle Ages?
Which type of loom was considered inferior during the Middle Ages?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the significant improvement made by Vaucanson in 1757?
What was the significant improvement made by Vaucanson in 1757?
Signup and view all the answers
What invisible element is often found in tapestry?
What invisible element is often found in tapestry?
Signup and view all the answers
In high-warp weaving, how did the weaver monitor the progress of their work?
In high-warp weaving, how did the weaver monitor the progress of their work?
Signup and view all the answers
What were high-warp looms also known as?
What were high-warp looms also known as?
Signup and view all the answers
Which material was typically used for the wefts in tapestry?
Which material was typically used for the wefts in tapestry?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a major disadvantage of the low-warp method?
What was a major disadvantage of the low-warp method?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an example of an extra warp and weft pattern weave?
What is an example of an extra warp and weft pattern weave?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the Leno weave?
What characterizes the Leno weave?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines a grey or greige fabric?
What defines a grey or greige fabric?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of finish lasts until the fabric is washed or dry-cleaned?
Which type of finish lasts until the fabric is washed or dry-cleaned?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of weave is produced by uneven tension in either the weft or warp yarns?
What type of weave is produced by uneven tension in either the weft or warp yarns?
Signup and view all the answers
What finish category includes changes that affect the texture and appearance of the cloth?
What finish category includes changes that affect the texture and appearance of the cloth?
Signup and view all the answers
Which civilization was known to use double-cloth weaves?
Which civilization was known to use double-cloth weaves?
Signup and view all the answers
How does a temporary finish compare to a durable finish?
How does a temporary finish compare to a durable finish?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic of microfibers?
What is the main characteristic of microfibers?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of fabric formation results in a firm, slightly fuzzy cloth with no grain or direction?
Which method of fabric formation results in a firm, slightly fuzzy cloth with no grain or direction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main advantage of fabrics produced by knitting compared to weaving?
What is the main advantage of fabrics produced by knitting compared to weaving?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic of microfibers make them ideal for use in upholsteries?
What characteristic of microfibers make them ideal for use in upholsteries?
Signup and view all the answers
Which stitch is used to make elastic fabrics?
Which stitch is used to make elastic fabrics?
Signup and view all the answers
What discovery represents the oldest known knitted fabric?
What discovery represents the oldest known knitted fabric?
Signup and view all the answers
Who constructed the first knitting machine?
Who constructed the first knitting machine?
Signup and view all the answers
What stitch forms a smooth-face material used in fine, thin, or sheer fabrics?
What stitch forms a smooth-face material used in fine, thin, or sheer fabrics?
Signup and view all the answers
What prerequisite technique eliminates the cut-and-sew or sheet stage to produce the finished film product?
What prerequisite technique eliminates the cut-and-sew or sheet stage to produce the finished film product?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the vertical rows of stitches in knitting called?
What are the vertical rows of stitches in knitting called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of sanforizing?
What is the purpose of sanforizing?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process is used to remove impurities and unwanted color from yarns or fabrics?
Which process is used to remove impurities and unwanted color from yarns or fabrics?
Signup and view all the answers
What does calendering do to the fabric?
What does calendering do to the fabric?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process involves treating the fabric with a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide?
Which process involves treating the fabric with a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main objective of special finishes?
What is the main objective of special finishes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process is specifically used for enhancing luster, strength, and absorbency in cotton?
Which process is specifically used for enhancing luster, strength, and absorbency in cotton?
Signup and view all the answers
What does dry decating involve in its process?
What does dry decating involve in its process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following refers to the formation of small, entangled fiber balls on the fabric surface?
Which of the following refers to the formation of small, entangled fiber balls on the fabric surface?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of a mildew-resistant finish on fabrics?
What is the primary purpose of a mildew-resistant finish on fabrics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is used in an anti-shrink finish to inhibit bacterial growth?
Which component is used in an anti-shrink finish to inhibit bacterial growth?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of finish is typically used on synthetic fabrics to prevent static electricity accumulation?
What type of finish is typically used on synthetic fabrics to prevent static electricity accumulation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which finish involves treating the fabric with a chemical solution that contains phosphorus or nitrogen?
Which finish involves treating the fabric with a chemical solution that contains phosphorus or nitrogen?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of the glaze finish?
What is the main function of the glaze finish?
Signup and view all the answers
Which finish is often used to make fabrics easier to clean?
Which finish is often used to make fabrics easier to clean?
Signup and view all the answers
What chemical is commonly associated with a permanent-press finish?
What chemical is commonly associated with a permanent-press finish?
Signup and view all the answers
In which process are fabrics shaped and passed through a heated machine at a specific temperature to set the cloth?
In which process are fabrics shaped and passed through a heated machine at a specific temperature to set the cloth?
Signup and view all the answers
Which material is made from Teguila sisal primarily in Ecuador?
Which material is made from Teguila sisal primarily in Ecuador?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic of the Rush material?
What is the main characteristic of the Rush material?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method involves intertwining and knotting of yarns?
Which method involves intertwining and knotting of yarns?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of a loom in the weaving process?
What is the function of a loom in the weaving process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of weave consists of warp and weft threads that are evenly spaced?
Which type of weave consists of warp and weft threads that are evenly spaced?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of loom uses punched cards to control complex patterns?
What type of loom uses punched cards to control complex patterns?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes a Damask Weave from other weaves?
What distinguishes a Damask Weave from other weaves?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the key feature of the Jacquard Mechanism?
What is the key feature of the Jacquard Mechanism?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Materials of Decoration
Synthetic Fibers
- Olefin fibers:
- Strong, lightweight, and resistant to mildew, rot, moths, and vermin
- Has excellent elastic recovery
- Used in airplane seats
- Polyester:
- Discovered in 1953
- Derivative of coal, air, water, and petroleum
- Resistant to air-borne and oil-borne dirt, low moisture absorbency, wrinkle resistance, high strength, and resiliency
- Washable and drip-dry, with excellent crease resistance
- Frequently blended with other fibers to enhance their performance
- Used in hospital cubicle curtains
- Glass Fiber:
- Inherently resistant to flame
- Strong and does not absorb moisture
- Low abrasion resistance
- Can be dyed well
- Best used as drapery or casement cloth
- Polynude Nylon:
- Chemical fiber with similar make-up to nylon
- Outperforms existing synthetics in washability, wrinkle resistance, and ease of care
- Does not shrink
- Resembles silk in luster, weight, color, and feel
- Saran:
- Used for outdoor furniture upholstery and screening
- Unaffected by sunlight, easy to care, wrinkle resistant, and abrasion resistant
- High crease retention and dyeability
- Usually blended with rayon and modacrylic
- Spandex:
- Manufactured elastomeric fiber
- Can be repeatedly stretched over 500% without breaking
- Permits manufacturers to add stretch to fabrics without altering hand or appearance
- Can be permanent pressed, soil-resistant, washable, and does not discolor
- Aramids:
- Unique properties, unaffected by alkalis, acids, and solvents
- Marketed under trade names Nomex and Kevlar
- Nomex is a high temperature-resistant fiber used in apparel such as firefighters clothing and space suits
- Kevlar is a high-temperature-resistant fiber used in bullet-resistant vests
Microfibers
- Very fine, smaller than the diameter of a strand of silk
- Made from polyesters and polyamides
- Used to make mats, knits, and weaves for apparel, upholstery, cleaning products, etc.
- Chosen for specific characteristics including softness, toughness, water repellency, electrostatics, and filtering capabilities
Methods of Fabric Formation
- Felting:
- Matting together of fibers to form a web by moisture, pressure, and heat
- Results in a continuous dense cloth that is firm, slightly fuzzy, and comparatively low in tensile strength
- Films:
- Produced originally in sheet forms through extrusion
- Can be finished in highly varied forms
- Knitting:
- Utilizes machinery with blunt rods or needles to form a single continuous yarn into a series of interlocking loops
- Sometimes faster than weaving and produces dimensionally stable knit fabrics
History of Knitting
- Early history of knitting dates back to ancient Egypt and Europe
- Knitting was perfected in the 15th century
- First knitting machine was constructed by Reverend William Lee
Knitting Stitches
- Plain Stitches:
- Produce a smooth-face material
- Used in making fine, thin, or sheer fabrics
- Rib Stitches:
- Produce lines of wales on both sides of the fabric
- Cause the fabric to be very elastic
- Tuck Stitches:
- Formed by holding one loop on a needle while taking on one or more additional loops and then casting all of them onto another needle
Knit Fabric Construction
- Circular Knit:
- Made on a circular machine
- Produces a tubular fabric without seams
- Ribbed Fabric:
- Made with two sets of needles to give a ribbed or corrugated surface to the fabric
- Flat Outerwear:
- Fabric is made by having the needles arranged in a straight line
- Flat Underwear:
- Fabric is made on a machine with only one set of needles
Types of Knitted Fabric
- Double Knit:
- A fabric knitted with a double stitch on a double needle frame
- Provides a double thickness that is the same on both sides
- Has excellent body and stability
- Interlock Knit:
- A special type of eight-lock knit cloth
- Has a smooth surface on both sides
- Jersey:
- A plain stitch knitted fabric
- Knit Pile:
- Fabric produced by silver knitting
- Provides an exceptionally deep pile effect
- Milanese Knit:
- Known for its high gauge, lightweight, fine texture, and appeal in hand
- Warps always move in the opposite direction with the full threading or color arrangement to produce a run-proof fabric
- Plated:
- A knit fabric that has one kind of yarn on the face while another type is found on the back of the goods
- Rachel Knit:
- A versatile fabric that can be made from every type of yarn of any type of fiber in any form
- Single Knit:
- A fabric knitted on a single-needle machine
- Has less body, substance, and stability than double knit
- Tricot:
- A type of Warp-knitted fabric
- Has a thin texture since it is made from fine yarn
- Velour:
- A popular knit fabric with properties similar to woven velour
Braiding
- The interweaving or intertwining of three or more strands of yarn or other material
- Can produce flat, narrow tapes or strips as well as center-cored rounds or hollow tubes
- Suitable for shaped articles
- Notable examples include STRAWS, fabrics made by braiding natural plant fibers
Weaving
- Definition: The interlacing of warp (lengthwise) yarns and weft (crosswise) yarns, usually at right angles
- Six turning points can occur along a single thread, and different arrangements of these points create three general headings: Plain, Twill, and Satin
- Weaving can be regular or irregular
Types of Weaves
- Plain Weave:
- When the warp and weft threads are balanced and evenly spaced
- Figured Weave:
- Also known as a "brocade", this is the simplest of weaves that has two warps, one warp for the figures and a separate warp for the ground
- Damask Weave:
- A figured weave in which the warp yarns are of one color and the weft yarns are of another color
- Satin Weave:
- A weave in which the warp or weft yarns predominate on the face of the fabric
- Twill Weave:
- Each warp yam passes over and then under the weft yarns
- The sequence is started slightly higher (or lower) on each successive yarn
- Resists soil, wrinkles less, and is more flexible and drapeable than plain weaves of similar quality
- Herringbone Weave:
- A variation of the twill weave
- Pile Weaves:
- Refers to fabrics that are woven in such a way as to create loops or piles that stand out from the surface of the fabric
- Velvet Pile:
- Created by lifting the second set of warp yarns into a plain weave to create a solid back
- Warping for the plain weave solid back, and set of warp form loop slightly higher than the backing weave
- Frise:
- Combined with the velvet pile, except that the lifted yarns remain uncut
- May be combined with the velvet pile to form a “corduroy” like effect
Tapestry
- Definition: A decorative fabric made by weaving colored weft threads alternatively over and under the warp threads to form a pictorial, or ornamental design
- History: Known since ancient times, with a rich history of development and refinement
- Technique: Weft does not pass from selvage to selvage but only as far as the color is required by the pattern
- Warps are eventually hidden
- Tapestries were woven on either a high-warp or a low-warp loom
- The high-warp loom stood upright and warps were manually controlled by harnessed attached to treadles
- The low-warp loom was placed horizontally
- Fineness: Judged by the number of wefts to the centimeter
- Illustrations: Diagrams of Interlocked joint, Slit juncture, and Dovetail joint### Fabric Finishes
- Fabrics are not ready for consumer use after weaving or knitting and require further processing to change their appearance, texture, and performance.
Classification of Finishes
- Finishes can be classified based on their duration, including:
- Temporary Finish: lasts until the fabric is washed or dry-cleaned
- Durable Finish: lasts longer than temporary but may become unsatisfactory with time
- Permanent Finish: lasts until the garment is no longer in service
- Finishes can also be classified based on their purpose, including:
- General Finish: affects the texture and appearance of the fabric
- Special Finish: affects the performance of the fabric and imparts additional features
General Finishes
- Sanforizing: a process that makes fabric dimensionally stable, controlling shrinkage by passing the fabric through a hot water and steam chamber and stretching it in width and allowing it to relax in length.
- Bleaching: removes impurities and unwanted color from yarns or fabrics, using hydrogen peroxide for cotton and removing waxes and foreign matters for synthetics.
- Calendering: makes fabric smooth and glossy by passing it between heated and polished steel rollers under tension.
- Decating: a process that improves the appearance, handle, and hand of the material, including Wet Decating and Dry Decating.
- Mercerizing: improves the luster, strength, and absorbency of cotton yarn and fabrics by treating them with a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide.
- Pilling: the formation of small, entangled, fiber balls on the fabric surface, which depends on the type of fiber, yarn structure, fabric construction, and finishing treatment.
- Shrinkage control: reduces or eliminates shrinkage in woven and knitted fabrics using methods such as relaxation, heat setting, and chemical treatments.
Special Finishes
- Anti-Shrink Finish: a chemical treatment that makes a fabric "shrink-resistant" and imparts a self-sanitizing quality.
- Antistatic Finish: a chemical treatment that prevents the accumulation of static electricity on synthetic fabrics.
- Crease-Resistant Finish: makes fabrics easier to iron and keeps them looking pressed by applying a resin bath that forms a protective layer on the fibers.
- Flame-Retardant Finish: makes fabrics less flammable by treating them with a chemical solution containing phosphorus or nitrogen.
- Glazed Finish: creates a smooth and shiny surface by passing the fabric through heated rollers.
- Mildew-Resistant Finish: prevents the growth of mold and mildew by treating the fabric with a chemical solution containing copper or zinc.
- Permanent-Press Finish: makes fabrics wrinkle-resistant and easier to care for by treating them with a chemical solution containing formaldehyde.
- Soil-Release Finish: makes fabrics easier to clean by treating them with a chemical solution containing silicone or fluorocarbon.
- Water-Repellent Finish: makes fabrics repel water by treating them with a chemical solution containing a long-chain hydrocarbon.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of various fibers, including their properties, characteristics, and uses. Identify fibers based on their weight, elasticity, and luster.
