Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of graded-index fiber?
What is the primary characteristic of graded-index fiber?
- Density is highest at the edges of the core.
- It is exclusively used in multimode applications.
- Density varies with the highest at the center of the core. (correct)
- It has uniform density throughout.
What type of fiber uses a highly focused light source that limits beams to a small range of angles?
What type of fiber uses a highly focused light source that limits beams to a small range of angles?
- Plastic optical fiber
- Graded-index fiber
- Multimode fiber
- Single-mode fiber (correct)
What is the diameter of the core in a typical single-mode fiber?
What is the diameter of the core in a typical single-mode fiber?
- 100 µm
- 7 µm (correct)
- 50 µm
- 62.5 µm
How does the density of the single-mode fiber compare to that of multimode fiber?
How does the density of the single-mode fiber compare to that of multimode fiber?
What is the cladding diameter for the multimode fibers listed?
What is the cladding diameter for the multimode fibers listed?
Which layer in a fiber-optic cable provides strength to the cable composition?
Which layer in a fiber-optic cable provides strength to the cable composition?
What is the primary benefit of single-mode fiber in terms of signal propagation?
What is the primary benefit of single-mode fiber in terms of signal propagation?
Which materials are common for the outer jacket of typical fiber-optic cables?
Which materials are common for the outer jacket of typical fiber-optic cables?
What is the primary function of a fiber-optic cable?
What is the primary function of a fiber-optic cable?
What happens to a ray of light when it enters a less dense substance at an angle greater than the critical angle?
What happens to a ray of light when it enters a less dense substance at an angle greater than the critical angle?
What determines the critical angle for a substance?
What determines the critical angle for a substance?
How does optical fiber guide light through a channel?
How does optical fiber guide light through a channel?
If the angle of incidence is equal to the critical angle, what will occur?
If the angle of incidence is equal to the critical angle, what will occur?
What is the role of the cladding in a fiber-optic cable?
What is the role of the cladding in a fiber-optic cable?
Which of the following statements is false regarding the path of light in optical fibers?
Which of the following statements is false regarding the path of light in optical fibers?
What must be true for light traveling in the core of a fiber-optic cable to be reflected off the cladding?
What must be true for light traveling in the core of a fiber-optic cable to be reflected off the cladding?
Which of the following best defines a transmission medium?
Which of the following best defines a transmission medium?
What role does the physical layer play in relation to transmission media?
What role does the physical layer play in relation to transmission media?
Which statement best describes the nature of communication before the invention of the telephone?
Which statement best describes the nature of communication before the invention of the telephone?
Which of the following mediums was commonly used for early telephone communication?
Which of the following mediums was commonly used for early telephone communication?
What was a significant limitation of early telephonic communication?
What was a significant limitation of early telephonic communication?
When was the concept of wireless communication first introduced?
When was the concept of wireless communication first introduced?
What fundamental technology did the telegraph rely upon?
What fundamental technology did the telegraph rely upon?
Which of the following is an example of a non-physical transmission medium?
Which of the following is an example of a non-physical transmission medium?
What is the frequency range typically classified as radio waves?
What is the frequency range typically classified as radio waves?
Which characteristic of radio waves allows them to be received without aligning the sending and receiving antennas?
Which characteristic of radio waves allows them to be received without aligning the sending and receiving antennas?
What is a significant disadvantage of radio wave transmission's omnidirectional property?
What is a significant disadvantage of radio wave transmission's omnidirectional property?
Which application primarily utilizes the omnidirectional characteristics of radio waves?
Which application primarily utilizes the omnidirectional characteristics of radio waves?
What is a consequence of radio waves' ability to penetrate walls?
What is a consequence of radio waves' ability to penetrate walls?
Which factor contributes to the low data rate of digital communications in the radio wave band?
Which factor contributes to the low data rate of digital communications in the radio wave band?
What must be obtained to use any part of the radio wave band?
What must be obtained to use any part of the radio wave band?
What type of antenna is commonly used to transmit radio waves?
What type of antenna is commonly used to transmit radio waves?
What is the primary advantage of using Kevlar in fiber-optic cables?
What is the primary advantage of using Kevlar in fiber-optic cables?
Which connector is specifically used for cable TV applications?
Which connector is specifically used for cable TV applications?
What is the main feature of the ST connector?
What is the main feature of the ST connector?
How does the attenuation of fiber-optic cables compare to twisted-pair and coaxial cables?
How does the attenuation of fiber-optic cables compare to twisted-pair and coaxial cables?
What is the effect of using fiber-optic cables on the number of repeaters needed?
What is the effect of using fiber-optic cables on the number of repeaters needed?
What is the benefit of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) in fiber-optic technology?
What is the benefit of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) in fiber-optic technology?
What is the typical data transfer rate achievable with fiber-optic cables using WDM technology?
What is the typical data transfer rate achievable with fiber-optic cables using WDM technology?
Where is fiber-optic cable commonly utilized due to its characteristics?
Where is fiber-optic cable commonly utilized due to its characteristics?
What advantage does optical fiber have in terms of signal attenuation compared to coaxial cable?
What advantage does optical fiber have in terms of signal attenuation compared to coaxial cable?
Which characteristic of optical fiber makes it immune to electromagnetic interference?
Which characteristic of optical fiber makes it immune to electromagnetic interference?
What is a significant disadvantage of using optical fiber technology?
What is a significant disadvantage of using optical fiber technology?
Why do some cable TV companies prefer to use a hybrid network with optical fiber and coaxial cable?
Why do some cable TV companies prefer to use a hybrid network with optical fiber and coaxial cable?
What is the primary reason that fiber-optic cables have a greater immunity to unwanted tapping?
What is the primary reason that fiber-optic cables have a greater immunity to unwanted tapping?
What is a reason that manufacturers may not justify the use of optical fiber if bandwidth demand is low?
What is a reason that manufacturers may not justify the use of optical fiber if bandwidth demand is low?
What type of light propagation is characteristic of fiber-optic cables?
What type of light propagation is characteristic of fiber-optic cables?
What aspect of fiber-optic cables contributes to their relative light weight compared to copper cables?
What aspect of fiber-optic cables contributes to their relative light weight compared to copper cables?
Flashcards
Transmission Medium
Transmission Medium
A physical entity that carries information from a source to a destination.
Examples of Transmission Media
Examples of Transmission Media
Anything that can carry information, such as air, cables, or fiber optics.
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
Responsible for converting data into electrical signals and transmitting them over the medium.
Transmission Media in Data Communication
Transmission Media in Data Communication
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Signal Conversion
Signal Conversion
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Long-Distance Communication
Long-Distance Communication
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Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication
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Hertz's Wireless Communication
Hertz's Wireless Communication
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Fiber-optic cable
Fiber-optic cable
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Refraction
Refraction
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Angle of incidence
Angle of incidence
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Critical angle
Critical angle
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Reflection
Reflection
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Core (fiber-optic cable)
Core (fiber-optic cable)
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Cladding (fiber-optic cable)
Cladding (fiber-optic cable)
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Density difference (fiber-optic cable)
Density difference (fiber-optic cable)
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Graded-index fiber
Graded-index fiber
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Single-mode fiber
Single-mode fiber
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Multimode fiber
Multimode fiber
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Fiber size
Fiber size
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Outer Jacket
Outer Jacket
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Plastic buffer
Plastic buffer
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Cladding
Cladding
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Core
Core
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Long-distance transmission
Long-distance transmission
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What is Kevlar and its use in fiber optic cables?
What is Kevlar and its use in fiber optic cables?
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What is the purpose of the plastic coating in fiber optic cables?
What is the purpose of the plastic coating in fiber optic cables?
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What are the core and cladding of fiber optic cable?
What are the core and cladding of fiber optic cable?
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What connector is used for cable TV and what is its locking system?
What connector is used for cable TV and what is its locking system?
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What connector is used for networking and why is it more reliable?
What connector is used for networking and why is it more reliable?
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What connector is similar in size to RJ45?
What connector is similar in size to RJ45?
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How does attenuation in fiber optic cable compare to other types of cable?
How does attenuation in fiber optic cable compare to other types of cable?
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How does attenuation affect the number of repeaters required in fiber optic cable?
How does attenuation affect the number of repeaters required in fiber optic cable?
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Radio Waves
Radio Waves
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Omnidirectional Radio Waves
Omnidirectional Radio Waves
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Omnidirectional Antenna
Omnidirectional Antenna
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Multicasting
Multicasting
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Radio Wave Interference
Radio Wave Interference
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Limited Bandwidth of Radio Waves
Limited Bandwidth of Radio Waves
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Radio Waves for Broadcasting
Radio Waves for Broadcasting
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Penetration of Walls by Radio Waves
Penetration of Walls by Radio Waves
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Study Notes
Transmission Media
- Transmission media are located below the physical layer, controlled by it. They can be considered layer zero.
- Transmission media is anything that carries information from a source to a destination, which can include air, mail carriers, or airplanes.
- In data communications, transmission media is usually free space, metallic cable, or fiber-optic cable.
Transmission Medium Definitions
- A transmission medium carries information from a source to a destination.
- In data communications, it is more specific, typically involving signal conversion from data.
- The medium often consists of electrical signals, examples include telegraph (Morse code), and telephone (converting human voice).
Guided Media
- Guided media include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable, which provide a conduit from one device to another.
- Signals traveling along guided media are contained by the physical limits of the medium.
- Twisted-pair and coaxial cables use metallic conductors (copper) for electrical signals.
- Fiber-optic cables use light.
Twisted-Pair Cable
- Consists of two conductors (usually copper) with insulated coverings twisted together.
- One wire carries the signal, the other acts as a ground reference. The receiver calculates the difference between the two wires.
- Interference (noise) and crosstalk can affect both wires creating unwanted signals. Twisting minimizes interference and crosstalk.
- Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) is the most common type, while shielded twisted-pair (STP) offers improved noise reduction.
- Electronic Industries Association (EIA) categories (1-7) define cable quality with 1 being the lowest and 7 the highest and varying uses for each.
Coaxial Cable
- Carries signals with higher frequencies than twisted-pair cable.
- Central core conductor (solid or stranded wire, often copper) surrounded by an insulating sheath.
- Encased in an outer conductor made of metal foil, braid, or a combination, which shields against noise and completes the circuit.
- Protected by an outer plastic cover.
- Often categorized by Radio Government (RG) ratings defining physical specifications (wire gauge, covering material).
Fiber Optic Cable
- Made of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the form of light.
- Light travels in a straight line unless it enters a different substance, changing direction.
- Uses reflection to guide light through a core surrounded by cladding (for less dense material than the core).
- Different Types: Multimode (step-index and graded-index) and Single mode
- Fiber-optic cables have high bandwidth and are less susceptible to interference making them well-suited for long-distance communication, for example, backbones for cable TV networks and high-bandwidth applications.
Wireless Media
- Unguided media using electromagnetic waves without physical conductors for transmission, include radio waves, microwaves, and infrared (IR).
- Radio waves are omnidirectional and can transmit over long distances, useful for broadcast. Microwaves are unidirectional, useful for targeted broadcast. IR waves have a short range, but don't penetrate walls hence the preference for short-distance communication.
- Omnidirectional antennas radiate signals in all directions, while unidirectional antennas (e.g. parabolic dish, horns) direct the signal in a particular direction.
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Description
Test your knowledge on fiber optics with this quiz covering various aspects of graded-index and single-mode fibers. Explore core diameters, cladding properties, and the physics of light propagation within fiber-optic cables. Perfect for engineering students and professionals looking to refresh their understanding of fiber optics.
