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What is the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body?
What is the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body?
Metabolism.
What are the building blocks that are used to create molecules in the body?
What are the building blocks that are used to create molecules in the body?
The importance of energy changes and electron transfer in metabolism are discussed in chapter ______ of Campbell and Reece.
The importance of energy changes and electron transfer in metabolism are discussed in chapter ______ of Campbell and Reece.
15
Standard states are a set of agreed-upon conditions for measuring thermodynamic properties.
Standard states are a set of agreed-upon conditions for measuring thermodynamic properties.
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What is the standard state for pure solids and liquids?
What is the standard state for pure solids and liquids?
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What is the standard state for gases?
What is the standard state for gases?
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What is the standard state for solutions?
What is the standard state for solutions?
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A negative Gibbs free energy change indicates that a reaction is spontaneous.
A negative Gibbs free energy change indicates that a reaction is spontaneous.
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A positive Gibbs free energy change indicates that a reaction requires energy input.
A positive Gibbs free energy change indicates that a reaction requires energy input.
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Match the terms with their corresponding definitions.
Match the terms with their corresponding definitions.
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Metabolism is dependent upon the ratios of concentrations of reactants and products in a reaction.
Metabolism is dependent upon the ratios of concentrations of reactants and products in a reaction.
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The standard pH for biological systems, which is typically used for measuring Gibbs free energy change in these systems, is 7.
The standard pH for biological systems, which is typically used for measuring Gibbs free energy change in these systems, is 7.
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The vast majority of metabolic reactions are simply reactions that harness energy from the environment.
The vast majority of metabolic reactions are simply reactions that harness energy from the environment.
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What process captures energy from the sun and converts it into glucose?
What process captures energy from the sun and converts it into glucose?
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What is the process called when living organisms obtain energy from the breakdown of food molecules?
What is the process called when living organisms obtain energy from the breakdown of food molecules?
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Anabolic reactions typically require energy input, while catabolic reactions typically release energy.
Anabolic reactions typically require energy input, while catabolic reactions typically release energy.
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What is the process called when an organism breaks down stored glycogen?
What is the process called when an organism breaks down stored glycogen?
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What is the process called when an organism synthesizes glycogen from glucose?
What is the process called when an organism synthesizes glycogen from glucose?
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The breakdown of glycogen requires the input of ATP.
The breakdown of glycogen requires the input of ATP.
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Glycogen is a highly branched molecule.
Glycogen is a highly branched molecule.
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What enzyme is responsible for the degradation of glycogen?
What enzyme is responsible for the degradation of glycogen?
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What enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of glycogen?
What enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of glycogen?
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Glycogenolysis occurs primarily in the liver and muscles.
Glycogenolysis occurs primarily in the liver and muscles.
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The process of gluconeogenesis is the reversal of glycolysis.
The process of gluconeogenesis is the reversal of glycolysis.
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Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the liver.
Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the liver.
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Gluconeogenesis is an energy-requiring process.
Gluconeogenesis is an energy-requiring process.
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What are the three irreversible steps in glycolysis that are bypassed in gluconeogenesis?
What are the three irreversible steps in glycolysis that are bypassed in gluconeogenesis?
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The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative to glycolysis.
The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative to glycolysis.
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The pentose phosphate pathway is primarily involved in ATP production.
The pentose phosphate pathway is primarily involved in ATP production.
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The pentose phosphate pathway can produce glucose 6-phosphate, which can then be used in glycolysis.
The pentose phosphate pathway can produce glucose 6-phosphate, which can then be used in glycolysis.
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The pentose phosphate pathway is highly regulated to ensure that the body meets its needs for both NADPH and ATP.
The pentose phosphate pathway is highly regulated to ensure that the body meets its needs for both NADPH and ATP.
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Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of ATP production in the mitochondria.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of ATP production in the mitochondria.
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The electron transport chain in the mitochondria is a series of redox reactions.
The electron transport chain in the mitochondria is a series of redox reactions.
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The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to generate ATP.
The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to generate ATP.
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The ATP synthase complex is a multi-subunit protein complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The ATP synthase complex is a multi-subunit protein complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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The P/O ratio represents the ratio of ATP molecules produced to oxygen atoms consumed in oxidative phosphorylation.
The P/O ratio represents the ratio of ATP molecules produced to oxygen atoms consumed in oxidative phosphorylation.
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The chemiosmotic coupling theory explains how the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain is used to drive ATP synthesis.
The chemiosmotic coupling theory explains how the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain is used to drive ATP synthesis.
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The ATP synthase complex is a rotary engine.
The ATP synthase complex is a rotary engine.
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Respiratory inhibitors block electron transport in the electron transport chain, ultimately leading to the accumulation of reduced electron carriers.
Respiratory inhibitors block electron transport in the electron transport chain, ultimately leading to the accumulation of reduced electron carriers.
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Study Notes
Chapter 15: Metabolism
- Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions in the body, intended to harness energy and build molecules.
- It encompasses processes like building amino acids and sugars.
- Energy changes and electron transfer are important aspects of metabolism.
- Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and the pentose phosphate pathway are discussed as introductory topics in the chapter.
- Standard states are used to measure energy changes in chemical reactions.
- Standard states vary for different states of matter (solids, liquids, gases, and solutions).
- ΔG (change in free energy) is a measure of spontaneity.
- Negative ΔG indicates a spontaneous reaction.
- Positive ΔG indicates a non-spontaneous reaction.
- Exergonic reactions release energy (negative ΔG), while endergonic reactions absorb energy (positive ΔG.)
Additional Topics
- Biological molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids) are discussed.
- The importance of energy.
- The use of ATP as an energy currency.
- Catabolic and anabolic reactions.
- Oxidation and reduction reactions are explained.
- Coenzyme functions.
- Enzyme and coenzyme roles in glycolysis.
- Cellular energy.
- Biological oxidation-reduction reactions.
- NAD+ and FAD participate in metabolic processes as coenzymes.
- Oxidation and reduction reactions (NAD, FAD) in metabolism.
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