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Questions and Answers

According to the physician, the diagnosis for the child with a membrane across the anterior portion of the glottis would be:

Laryngeal web (correct)

Leukoplakia

Papilloma

Hyperkeratosis

What is the phenomenon called when stuttering frequency decreases on subsequent readings?

The adaptation effect (correct)

Reduction in stuttering frequency is highest on the 10th reading

The magnitude increases with increasing intervals between oral readings

It transfers from one reading passage to another

In assessing a 5-year-old boy whose mother has a history of alcohol abuse, which symptoms should you look for?

Language problems with good eye contact

Normal motor and intellectual development

Low birth weight and behavior problems (correct)

Lack of gestures and good eye contact

What method is used to establish the relevance of items on a language skills test for children?

Content validity Signup and view all the answers

What can be calculated to determine the range of scores in Alzheimer's patients?

The difference between the highest and lowest scores Signup and view all the answers

In therapy for a 12-year-old girl with vocabulary struggles, which area should primarily be targeted?

Semantic skills Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome displays symptoms like low birth weight and cognitive delays due to a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5?

Cri du chat Signup and view all the answers

For a child exhibiting gliding and reduplication processes, which should be targeted first?

Reduplication Signup and view all the answers

A thrombus is defined as a:

Stationary blood clot that blocks the flow of blood Signup and view all the answers

In phonological awareness treatment, which skills are targeted?

Rhyming, phoneme isolation, sound blending Signup and view all the answers

The shaping technique that focuses on orofacial and articulatory postures is an example of:

Phonetic derivation Signup and view all the answers

Which typical utterance reflects the transfer of Spanish to English?

This balloon is more big Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ASHA's scope of practice is false?

ASHA does not allow infant feeding by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) Signup and view all the answers

The diagnosis for a patient with heartburn and hoarseness is likely:

Gastroesophageal reflux Signup and view all the answers

During evaluation, a patient experiencing xerostomia and weight loss may be recommended to:

Be given synthetic saliva just prior to eating Signup and view all the answers

What specific problems will you look for as evidence of language impairment in a 17-year-old?

Difficulty using cohesion devices (e.g., therefore, for example) Signup and view all the answers

Beth's motor programming disorder causing difficulty in speech is called:

Apraxia Signup and view all the answers

Given symptoms including inappropriate behavior and language problems, which diagnosis is most likely?

Frontotemporal dementia associated with Pick's disease Signup and view all the answers

The approach of discussing past experiences and using personal objects in therapy for a dementia patient is an example of:

Reminiscence therapy (RT) Signup and view all the answers

What is true about Broca's aphasia?

Injury to Broca's area is not essential to have Broca's aphasia Signup and view all the answers

The design for evaluating effects of phonological treatment that involves withdrawing and reapplying treatment is called:

An ABAB design Signup and view all the answers

When measuring disfluency rates, calculating a reliability index compares measures between clinicians is called:

Interobserver agreement (or interobserver reliability) Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of an indirect treatment for dysphagia?

Thermal-tactile stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which issue would you not expect in internationally adopted children?

They maintain their first language skills and become fully bilingual Signup and view all the answers

What would not be a typical predictable production based on Spanish influence for an articulation disorder in a child?

w/r substitutions Signup and view all the answers

The damaged area reported in a CVA affecting the left cerebral hemisphere is likely:

Broca's area Signup and view all the answers

In a patient with swallowing difficulties due to a weak cricopharyngeus, what is most likely the problem?

Disorders of the esophageal phase of swallow Signup and view all the answers

The innermost intercostal lifts ribs 1 through 11.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding accent training services is NOT important?

Most EFL clients cannot benefit from Visi-Pitch technology Signup and view all the answers

In Brown's Stage V of morpheme mastery, which intervention target would not be appropriate?

Regular plural inflection -s Signup and view all the answers

John's motor speech disorder caused by cerebral palsy is classified as:

Dysarthric Signup and view all the answers

The consistency effect in stuttering shows that:

Stuttering recurs on certain words Signup and view all the answers

A child being assessed for a possible language impairment says to you, 'My dad put my shoes on my feet before he drove me to school.' This sentence has how many words and morphemes?

14 words, 15 morphemes Signup and view all the answers

What is the technique called that involves manually lifting the larynx to improve swallowing functioning?

The Mendelssohn maneuver Signup and view all the answers

In response to your request, what will the audiologist inform you about the patient's threshold of hearing for selected frequencies?

The quietest sound a human can detect Signup and view all the answers

Which model contends that a child who is unable to cope with the expectations of fluent speech production may begin to stutter?

The demands and capacities model Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with difficulty swallowing who exhibits anterior tongue movements and premature swallow?

Predominantly a disorder of the oral phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition of excessive drooling called in a child with cerebral palsy?

Sialorrea Signup and view all the answers

What is called when there is acoustical, mechanical, or electrical resistance to motion or sound transmission?

Impedance Signup and view all the answers

What problem arises when certain variables may change because they are measured more than once?

Testing, reducing internal validity Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for ensuring clients in experimental and control groups did not receive any other therapy during a study?

Rule out the influence of confounding variables Signup and view all the answers

What kinds of language skills should be targeted when assessing an adolescent with difficulty in using figurative language?

Semantic language skills Signup and view all the answers

What brain structure regulates equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine-motor movements?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ASHA certification and state licensure is incorrect?

Both state licensure and ASHA certification are required in most states Signup and view all the answers

Which skill would not be appropriate to work on for a 7-year-old with developmental delays?

Production of gerunds Signup and view all the answers

A Pearson r correlational relationship of -0.89 indicates a ___________________ between rate of speech and intelligibility.

strong negative correlational (or inverse) relationship Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain connects Broca's area with Wernicke's area?

Arcate fasciculus Signup and view all the answers

According to Bloodstein, stuttering is described as what?

A response of tension and speech fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

Research shows that parents of children who stutter are typically characterized as?

Similar to parents with children who do not stutter Signup and view all the answers

Which example represents the heuristic function of communicative intent according to Halliday?

"Why doggy bark?" Signup and view all the answers

When diagnosing stuttering based on the frequency of disfluencies, what is the disfluency rate that is often accepted?

5% or more Signup and view all the answers

A child who regularizes comparative and superlative forms is having trouble specifically with what?

Comparatives and superlatives Signup and view all the answers

When working with interpreters to serve bilingual children, what is an inappropriate practice?

The speech-language pathologist should look at the interpreter and not the client Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate recommendation for an infant with bilateral choanal atresia?

Immediate oral airway placement and gavage feedings Signup and view all the answers

What does a critic mean when stating a study on hoarseness lacks internal validity because of statistical regression to the mean?

Statistical regression to the mean Signup and view all the answers

What type of AAC uses bio-electrical signals to activate and display messages?

Neuro-assisted AAC Signup and view all the answers

Impaired facial recognition is more common in patients with damage to which area of the brain?

Posterior right hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

For a 9-year-old girl diagnosed with high-functioning autism, which treatment goal would not be appropriate?

Make sure conversations focus on her interests Signup and view all the answers

What do allophones do?

May vary from production to production Signup and view all the answers

The source-filter theory of speech production states what?

The laryngeally produced sound is modified by the resonating cavities Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about group designs is incorrect?

They usually have results similar to those of single-subject experiments Signup and view all the answers

A child who calls all tall and brown-haired men 'Daddy' exhibits which phenomenon?

Overextension Signup and view all the answers

The mode is evident in which of the following sets of scores?

16, 23, 16, 8, 16, 16, 4, 16, 16 Signup and view all the answers

A child with a fused soft palate and a bifid uvula may have which condition?

Submucous cleft Signup and view all the answers

What should you not recommend when supervising a clinician assessing infants and toddlers?

Avoid working with a multidisciplinary team Signup and view all the answers

What skill is being assessed when a clinician asks a child to listen and imitate sounds correctly?

Stimulability Signup and view all the answers

What technique involves taking a deep breath, holding it, swallowing, coughing, and then swallowing again?

A supraglottic swallow Signup and view all the answers

After evaluating a 6-year-old boy with hoarseness and vocal nodules, what should you focus on first?

Focus on identification and reduction of vocally abusive behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which area of Robert's brain was affected if he has difficulty with auditory comprehension but speaks fluently?

Wernicke's area Signup and view all the answers

Coustic immittance is measured with which tool?

Tympanometry Signup and view all the answers

Damage to which artery can cause cognitive deficits and paralysis of the feet and legs?

Anterior cerebral Signup and view all the answers

What does dynamic assessment seek to do?

Evaluate over time in a test-teach-retest format Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring misarticulations in a child's speech sample?

Intraobserver reliability Signup and view all the answers

The softest hearing level at which a person can understand 50% of presented words is known as what?

Speech reception threshold Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic will you not expect Jamal to present with if he has childhood apraxia of speech?

Rapid speech that becomes faster Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve innervates the larynx and certain muscles of the soft palate?

Cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle helps to adduct the vocal folds?

Transverse arytenoids Signup and view all the answers

The concrete operations stage of cognitive development occurs at what age?

7-11 years Signup and view all the answers

The back-and-forth movement of particles that is symmetrical and periodic is called what?

Simple harmonic motion Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is false regarding rehabilitative services for adult culturally and linguistically diverse patients?

Most standardized aphasia tests are appropriate for use Signup and view all the answers

If a patient's vocal folds adduct during inhalation, what condition do they most likely have?

Paradoxical vocal fold motion Signup and view all the answers

When assessing a student to avoid mislabeling based on dialect, what should you consider?

Provide intervention for articulatory disorders Signup and view all the answers

What factor may positively influence pediatric feeding for infants?

Nutritive sucking Signup and view all the answers

When does the hard palate fuse during in utero development?

8-9 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which are the most commonly described suprasegmentals or prosodic features that affect speech production?

Length of vowels, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture Signup and view all the answers

When sound waves move from air to water, what is the bending of the sound wave due to a change in speed called?

Refraction Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately distinguishes between consonants and vowels?

Vowels form the nucleus of syllables, whereas consonants release and arrest syllables Signup and view all the answers

Which goal in an IEP for a child to increase semantic skills is inappropriate?

Increase use of appropriate discourse skills Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a semantic relation expressed by two-word utterances?

Affirmation (e.g., 'yes cereal') Signup and view all the answers

What statement applies to T-units?

T-units contain an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses Signup and view all the answers

What condition involves intermittent, involuntary vocal fold abduction when trying to phonate?

Abductor spasmodic dysphonia Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis proposes that a treatment will not make a difference?

Proposed a null hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a correct statement regarding HIPAA?

Medical information can be shared for patient care purposes only Signup and view all the answers

What is the semi-vowel that is a voiced bilabial glide?

/w/ Signup and view all the answers

What approach involves family members expressing emotions while you respond to their feelings?

Nondirective client-centered Signup and view all the answers

What would a gastroenterologist most likely recommend for a child with short bowel syndrome?

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Signup and view all the answers

What describes potential articulation errors for a child with orofacial myofunctional disorder?

Tongue pressure against front teeth and deviant swallow Signup and view all the answers

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

Precentral gyrus Signup and view all the answers

What should be communicated to teachers regarding bilingual children with communication disorders?

Some bilingual children may score low in their first language due to language loss Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding ethnographic studies?

They are mostly descriptive Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diagnoses and Conditions

Laryngeal Web: Membrane presence across the glottis requiring surgical intervention (diagnosis for a newborn).
Gastroesophageal Reflux: Condition causing sore throat and hoarseness linked with stomach acid entering the esophagus.
Cri du Chat Syndrome: Genetic disorder identified by specific physical and behavioral symptoms due to a deletion on chromosome 5.

Speech and Language Assessments

Adaptation Effect in Stuttering: Describes reduced stuttering frequency in repeated readings, primarily noted on the 10th attempt.
Content Validity: Assessed by expert judgment to ensure test items are relevant to children's language skills.

Speech Therapy Focus

Semantic Skills Development: Emphasis on improving vocabulary for students struggling academically (e.g., a 12-year-old girl).
Phonological Processes Treatment: Initial treatment for children with speech disorders often targets the simplifications such as reduplication.

Cognitive and Communication Disorders

Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick's Disease): Characterized by social behavior issues along with dominant language impairments in the elderly.
Dysarthria vs. Apraxia: Dysarthria involves muscle weakness while apraxia pertains to difficulty in movement planning for speech.

Techniques and Strategies

Phonetic Derivation: Technique focusing on speech movements to modify sound production.
Reminiscence Therapy: Utilizes personal history and familiar stimuli to enhance quality of life for dementia patients.
Supraglottic Swallow Technique: Involves breath control during swallowing to aid in safe swallowing practices.

Language Development Insights

Language Delays in Internationally Adopted Children: Commonly show initial language delays, with progress varying based on age at adoption.
Brown's Stages of Morpheme Mastery: Regular plural inflections are typically mastered before the irregular forms, influencing therapy targeting.

Clinical Procedures and Findings

Interobserver Agreement: Reliability index calculated when comparing disfluency rates between different clinicians.
Sources of Speech Sound Disorders: Identification of predictable speech productions influenced by a child's first language background.

Referral and Response Protocols

Initial Steps for Patients with Vocal Nodules: Focus on modifying vocal abuse behaviors before considering psychological interventions.
Assessment Importance: Collecting evidence of cognitive and language skills to guide effective intervention plans.

Anatomical and Physiological Considerations

Broca’s Area Damage: Linked to expressive language difficulties; not exclusively necessary for all cases of Broca's aphasia.
Cricopharyngeus Weakness in Swallowing Disorders: Indicates issues primarily in the esophageal phase of swallow, requiring specialized therapy focus.

Miscellaneous Noteworthy Points

Cultural Considerations in Accent Training: Familiarity with clients' backgrounds can enhance engagement in therapy sessions.
Therapeutic Techniques in Dysphagia: Such as thermal-tactile stimulation, which serves an indirect purpose to enhance swallowing function.### Neurological Conditions and Symptoms
Robert experiences fluent speech with impaired auditory comprehension post-stroke, indicating the impact on Wernicke's area, crucial for language processing.
Cognitive deficits in Sara are linked to damage in the anterior cerebral artery, which is associated with paralysis of the feet and legs.

Measurement Techniques

Acoustic immittance is measured via tympanometry, an essential tool for evaluating middle ear function.
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is recommended for patients like the 9-year-old with short bowel syndrome requiring nutrition without a functional gastrointestinal tract.

Speech and Language Development

Dynamic assessment evaluates language skills over time in a test-teach-retest format, beneficial for identifying specific language impairments.
Developmental stages, such as Piaget's concrete operations stage, occur between 7-11 years of age, emphasizing the growth of logical thinking.
Certain characteristics like unusual articulation errors may suggest childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), while rapid speech is typically not expected in this condition.

Cranial Nerves and Muscle Functions

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) innervates muscles essential for laryngeal function and is crucial for voice production.
Transverse arytenoids function to adduct the vocal folds, vital for phonation.

Prosodic Features and Sound Production

Suprasegmental features affecting speech include length of vowels, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture, influencing overall communication effectiveness.
Sound wave behavior, such as refraction, explains the bending of sound when transitioning between media.

Diagnostic Considerations

Assessment of language impairments must differentiate between typical dialectal variations in speakers of African American English (AAE) and true speech disorders.
Evidence of resonance issues may present challenges like sialorrhea, excessive drooling due to oromotor dysfunction.

Rehabilitative Practices

Nondirective client-centered approaches facilitate emotional expression in family counseling while addressing patients with neurological impairments.
The Mendelssohn maneuver is a technique for enhancing swallowing function by manually lifting the larynx during the swallow.

Research and Validity

A proposed null hypothesis indicates the expected non-effect of a treatment in research studies, essential for scientific inquiries.
Inconsistencies in testing can undermine internal validity, affecting research outcomes.

Communication Skills and Impairments

Intelligibility issues in children should be carefully assessed to avoid mislabeling typical patterns of AAE as speech disorders.
C-units and T-units are linguistically measured, with T-units containing an independent clause and possibly subordinate clauses, reflecting complex sentence structures.

Feeding and Nutritional Considerations

Nutritive sucking is identified as a factor positively influencing pediatric feeding, crucial for infant development.
The settings for caloric intake must be managed, especially when gastrointestinal conditions impose dietary restrictions.

Evaluative Criteria in Speech-Language Pathology

Clinicians must utilize sound articulation assessments for children demonstrating substitutions common to phonological disorders while recognizing cultural language patterns.### Aphasia Treatment Efficacy
Ensuring no other therapy is received helps to rule out confounding variables during treatment efficacy evaluation.

Language Skills Assessment

Focus on semantic language skills when a child struggles with figurative language, multiple meanings, and synonyms.

Balance and Coordination

The cerebellum regulates equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine-motor movements; damage results in ataxia.

Speech-Language Pathology Regulation

Clinicians may not need ASHA certification for public school practice in many states, where state licensure is often sufficient.

Treatment Goals for Developmental Delays

Avoid working on production of gerunds for a child with language skills at a 4-year-old level.

Speech Rate and Intelligibility

A Pearson r of −.89 indicates a strong negative correlation between speech rate and intelligibility in children who clutter.

Brain Connections for Language

The arcuate fasciculus connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the brain, essential for language processing.

Understanding Stuttering

Bloodstein's theory proposes stuttering involves tension and speech fragmentation.

Parents of Children Who Stutter

Research shows parents of children who stutter generally resemble parents of children who do not stutter.

Heuristic Function in Communication

The heuristic function, as per Halliday, is showcased when a child asks, "Why doggy bark?"

Diagnosing Stuttering

Stuttering is often diagnosed if disfluency rates are 5% or more in speech samples.

Language Development Issues

A child with comparative and superlative issues struggles with phrases like "He is smaller than him."

Working with Interpreters

Speech-language pathologists should communicate with the client, not just the interpreter, to ensure effective practice.

Respiratory Distress and Nursing Care

Immediate oral airway placement and gavage feedings are critical for infants with bilateral choanal atresia and respiratory distress.

Evaluating Treatment Procedures

Criticism of a study related to voice quality improvements may arise from concerns regarding statistical regression to the mean.

Augmentative and Alternative Communication

Neuro-assisted AAC utilizes bio-electrical signals from muscle-action potentials instead of manual switching devices.

Impaired Facial Recognition

More common in patients with posterior right hemisphere damage, indicating specific neurological function impact.

Focus on skills like initiating conversation rather than directing peer conversations to her interests.

Characteristics of Allophones

Allophones may vary in production but do not change word meanings or phonemic identity.

Source-Filter Theory of Speech Production

It states that laryngeally produced sounds are modified by resonating cavities during speech.

Group Designs in Research

Group designs are effective in establishing cause-and-effect relationships, but they might not yield results similar to single-subject experiments.

Overextension in Child Language

A child labeling all tall, brown-haired men as "Daddy" demonstrates overextension, a common language phenomenon.

Mode in Sets of Scores

The mode is present in the set 16, 23, 16, 8, 16, 16, 4, 16, 16, indicating that 16 appears most frequently.

Identifying Cleft Types

A bifid uvula and fused soft/hard palate indicate a submucous cleft, which may require intervention.

Early Intervention Assessment Tips

Encourage multidisciplinary teamwork when assessing infants and toddlers for effective and comprehensive care.

Stimulability in Speech Assessment

Evaluating a child's mimicry of sounds, such as /r/, assesses their stimulability in speech therapy.

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