ACT 1

ACT Real Biology (1) - Study Notes

• Question 1: Rabbit and fox compete for the same food.

• Question 2: DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning each new DNA molecule comprises one original strand and one newly formed strand.

• Question 3: The mass of DNA in a gamete is half the mass of DNA in a mother cell.

• Question 4: Gametes have half the number of chromosomes compared to the mother cell.

• Question 5: Scientists found fossils of an animal in different continents that were once joined.

• Question 6: The average height of plants is 20 meters.

• Question 7: Two alleles are expressed by codominant inheritance.

• Question 8: Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division resulting in four haploid cells.

• Question 9: Ribosomes synthesize proteins, Golgi bodies package proteins, centrioles are involved in genetic information, and mitochondria are responsible for energy production.

• Question 10: Chloroplasts store plant toxins.

• Question 11: Secondary succession is the process of ecological development on previously disturbed land.

• Question 12: Cells in an organism can have identical genes but with different genes being expressed creating structurally and functionally different cells.

• Question 13: Half of the sons will inherit the disease.

• Question 14: Vascular structures called phloem and xylem transport sugars and other organic compounds through plants.

• Question 15: Disruptive selection is when individuals with extreme traits have a higher survival rate than individuals with intermediate traits.

• Question 16: Fitness is the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce.

• Question 17: Genes located on different non-homologous chromosomes are more likely to assort independently during meiosis.

• Question 18: Less variation in population results in less chance of survival.

• Question 19: Plants and cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms. The presence or absence of a nucleus, chlorophyll, or cell walls can distinguish between the two.

• Question 20: The space between neurons is called a synapse.

• Question 21: Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, while inorganic compounds do not always contain these elements.

• Question 22: Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient requiring energy.

• Question 23: Predation is the relationship shown in the hawk, snake, and frog example, where one organism consumes another.

• Question 24: Water flows into the cell in distilled water resulting in cell lysis.

• Question 25: The centromere splits and chromatids separate during Anaphase II of meiosis.

• Question 26: White blood cells are part of the immune system combating infection and detoxifying the blood.

• Question 27: Neutrons are neutral subatomic particles found inside the nucleus of atoms.

• Question 28: Grams are used to measure the weight of small organisms.

• Question 29: Light-dependent reactions are necessary for light-independent reactions in photosynthesis. The reactions depend on NADPH and ATP from light reactions.

• Question 30: Organisms compete when they share similar ecological niches.

• Question 31: Communities are groups of different species interacting in a specific environment.

• Question 32: Carotene strongly absorbs blue-green light but not yellow-orange light.

• Question 33: Active site binding leads to more effective enzymatic activity.

• Question 34: Cilia are short microtubules and abundant in paramecium.

• Question 35: Messenger RNA plays a role in translation, not transcription.

• Question 36: Lipids are found in the cell membrane.

• Question 37: A control sample in this type of experiment should have no auxin.

• Question 38: Arthropods (insects) are characterized by their segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and exoskeleton.

• Question 39: To measure respiration rates of fungi at different temperatures, place these in freshwater at 15° C.

• Question 40: Hydrogen bonds form between the nitrogenous bases in DNA.

• Question 41: Plant cells have cell walls, while animal cells do not.

• Question 42: Rain has a pH of around 5, while other substances have different pH values.

• Question 43: DNA contains equal amounts of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.

• Question 44: Placing a red blood cell in distilled water causes lysis as water moves into the cell, causing it to swell and burst.

• Question 45: Starch is a polysaccharide, not a lipid.

• Question 46: The product of transcription is mRNA (messenger RNA), not DNA or a polypeptide.

• Question 47: Meiosis results in four genetically different cells, not identical ones.

• Question 48: The diploid number of chromosomes in an organism (30) reduces to half (15) in gametes during meiosis, resulting in four haploid cells.

• Question 49: Enzymes are reusable and involved in reactions, not consumed. They are complex protein compounds.

• Question 50: The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.

• Question 51: The dependent variable is the height of the plants.

• Question 52: Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

• Question 53: The correct sequence for human circulation is heart-artery-lungs-vein-body.

• Question 54: Nervous tissue has the highest number of mitochondria.

• Question 55: Viruses have a protein coat, while other structures are not characteristic of viruses.

• Question 56: The plant hormone responsible for fruit ripening is ethylene.

• Question 57: Misuse of antibiotics leads to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by transferring genetic material (improper transfer).

• Question 58: All living organisms inherit traits via a universal genetic code.

• Question 59: Damage to the Golgi apparatus disrupts protein secretion and trafficking, as the Golgi is essential for processing and packaging proteins before they're transported to their final destinations.

• Question 60: Cohesion is the property of water molecules attracting each other enabling water movement in plants. This allows water to move up xylem in the plants.

• Question 61: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during cellular respiration.

• Question 62: Grana are membranous structures found in chloroplasts.

• Question 63: Iron is a cofactor for some enzymes.

• Question 64: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

• Question 65: An exocrine and endocrine gland is the pancreas.

• Question 66: Accessory organs aid digestion. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and hormones.

• Question 67: When an atom loses an electron, it becomes positively charged (anion).

• Question 68: Flagella are used for propulsion.

• Question 69: The equation for aerobic respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP.

• Question 70: Cardiac muscle is involuntary.

• Question 71: Epithelial cells cover body surfaces and cavities.

• Question 72: Organic molecules like glucose (C6H12O6) contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

• Question 73: Transformation is a process where bacteria take up foreign DNA (often from another cell or environment) enabling genetic alterations in bacteria.

• Question 74: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

• Question 75: DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning each new DNA molecule consists of one parental strand together with one newly synthesized strand.

• Question 76: Peptide bonds link amino acids.

• Question 77: Protons and neutrons are both found within the nucleus.

• Question 78: Non-disjunction alters chromosome number leading to an abnormal number of chromosomes in subsequent cells.

• Question 79: Apoptosis is programmed cell death a sort of cell suicide, a natural process, preventing the spread of diseases.

• Question 80: Light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis depend on the products of light-independent reactions.

• Question 81: Lipids are common to both mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum membranes.

• Question 82: Endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of some organelles from bacteria that fused with other cells. They have their own DNA.

• Question 83: Phagocytes and lymphocytes are types of white blood cells.

• Question 84: Evolution is the change in the inherited traits of a population over successive generations.

• Question 85: A nondisjunction event in a homologous chromosome pair in a cell can result in some cells having an extra chromosome or fewer chromosomes.

• Question 86: Mutations in the DNA do not always alter the protein-coding sequence which will lead to the most significant change in protein structure and function.

• Question 87: Mammals reproduce via internal fertilization.

• Question 88: During ATP utilization, the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, releasing energy.

• Question 89: Stomata (plants) and alveoli (lungs) have a shared function of gas exchange.

• Question 90: Shared electrons form covalent bonds.

• Question 91: Lions and hyenas can compete for prey.

• Question 92: Energy is transferred to each consecutive trophic level resulting in an eventual loss of energy. Students may consider respiration losses in trophic levels too.

• Question 93: Carbon-13 has six protons, six electrons, and seven neutrons.

• Question 94: I, II and III are all characteristics that assist in determining plant type.

• Question 95: Bacteria have cell walls and DNA, while viruses do not possess these characteristics.

• Question 96: Convergent evolution produces similar structures in different species.

• Question 97: Cilia are typically shorter and more numerous than flagella.

• Question 98: Scientist asked if flower colour or shape affected bees' activity or pollination choice/behaviour.

• Question 99: Cell density increased and growth rate was not constant during the 10hr phase.

• Question 100: The RNA polymerase gene remains similar due to the common evolutionary ancestry of organisms and because of less mutation, though there are subtle differences among organisms in RNA polymerase sequence.