Feudalism in Europe

Feudalism

• Roots of feudalism in Europe date back to the 5th century fall of Rome
• System of government based on land ownership
• All land officially owned by the sovereign, divided among the nobility
• Provided protection and sustainment to common people in Europe during a time of instability
• Serfs farmed the land and received protection from the wealthy landowner and their armies

The High Middle Ages

• King Henry II created the Constitutions of Clarendon to limit the power of the English clergy
• Magna Carta was signed by King John, limiting the power of the king and increasing the power of the land barons
• Charter of the Forest granted land rights to commoners
• Henry III revised and reissued the Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest multiple times
• Provisions of Oxford created committees involved in the king's decision making

The Crusades

• First Crusade began in 1096 after the Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II for help
• Different motivations for joining the Crusades, including fame, glory, and valuable commodities
• Outcome of the First Crusade was the establishment of four Crusader states

The 14th Century Decline

• Population decline in Europe due to factors such as the Little Ice Age, famine, and the Black Death
• Labor shortage led to peasants demanding fair wages and rebelling against feudalism
• Failure of medical theories and devastation of the plague led to the development of modern Western medicine

The Renaissance

• Period of cultural and artistic transformation in Europe, spanning the 14th to 17th centuries
• Centered in Italy, particularly in Florence
• Key innovations include the invention of the printing press and the Protestant Reformation
• Overlap with other eras, including the Elizabethan Era, the Age of Exploration, and the Protestant Reformation

Renaissance Humanism

• Based on the idea that individual humans have beauty, worth, virtue, and dignity
• Developed in the 14th to 16th centuries as the power of the Catholic Church declined
• Key figures include Petrarch, Dante Alighieri, and Giovanni Boccaccio
• Contributed to the development of arts, politics, education, and religion

Renaissance Art

• Focus on humanism and human experience
• Michelangelo was one of the greatest artists of the period
• Use of perspective and mythological themes
• Depiction of Christian and secular figures as human-like, rather than grandiose beings

The Printing Press

• Invention of moveable type printing by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450
• Revolutionized the spread of knowledge and contributed to the Protestant Reformation
• Contributed to the American Revolution by putting people in touch with big, debatable ideas

Michelangelo

• Born in Caprese, Italy in 1475
• Renowned painter, sculptor, architect, and poet
• Member of the "master trio" of Renaissance art, along with Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael
• Famous works include the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, David, Pietà, and Moses

Leonardo da Vinci

• 15th-century artist, inventor, anatomist, and philosopher
• Lived during the Renaissance in Italy
• Studied art at a young age and was commissioned to create works when he was in his twenties
• Famous works include the "Adoration of the Magi", "Vitruvian Man", "The Last Supper", and "Mona Lisa"

The Scientific Revolution

• Period of rapid scientific discoveries in Western Europe during the 17th century
• Causes include the rise of empiricism, new inventions, and new discoveries that questioned ancient philosophers
• Key figures include Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton
• Discoveries in astronomy, physics, mathematics, and biology

Astronomy

• Copernicus suggested that the sun was central to the orbiting planets
• Brahe attempted to bridge the geocentric and heliocentric theories
• Galileo's improvements on the telescope led to the discovery of the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus
• Kepler discovered the laws of planetary motion

Galileo

• Father of the scientific method and one of the first recorded scientific experiments
• Made great strides in astronomy, falling bodies, and sound frequencies
• Improvements on the telescope led to the discovery of the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus
• Supported the heliocentric model and was placed under house arrest by the Church

Johannes Kepler

• German astronomer who discovered the foundations of planetary motion
• Worked under Tycho Brahe and continued his work after Brahe's death
• Published Epitome Astronomiae, detailing his findings and supporting the heliocentric model
• Formulated Kepler's Laws, which govern planetary motion

The Enlightenment

• Era of individualism, humanism, and skepticism in the 17th and 18th centuries

• Causes include the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Protestant Reformation

• Key figures include René Descartes, John Locke, and Thomas Hobbes

• Effects on religion, education, and society, including the rejection of witchcraft, alchemy, and supernatural healers### Hobbes and Locke

• Both philosophers were born in England in the 17th century and attended Oxford University

• Both were exiled to Europe due to their political views

• Hobbes was a Royalist who believed in absolute monarchy as the ideal form of government

• Locke supported the Parliament and is considered the Father of Liberalism

• Hobbes believed that life in the state of nature was "nasty, brutish, and short"

• Locke believed that life in the state of nature was marked by the desire for justice, liberty, and equality

Social Contract Theory

• Hobbes believed that the social contract invested absolute power in a ruler to govern the citizenry
• Locke believed that the social contract meant investing some power in the ruler to protect citizens' human rights
• Hobbes believed that humans should use their reason to submit to the absolute authority of the monarch
• Locke believed that humans used their reason to exercise their three fundamental rights - life, liberty, and property

Authority and Government

• For Hobbes, the authority of the monarch was absolute and could not be questioned or revoked
• For Locke, the authority of the ruler was invested through the consent of the governed and could be revoked if the ruler abused power
• Hobbes wrote the influential political work Leviathan
• Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government, which influenced Thomas Jefferson and the US system of government

The Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that took place in Europe and America in the 18th century
• It emphasized the authority of the individual to use their reason and criticized traditional modes of authority
• It was often individualist and skeptical of presumed bodies of knowledge
• Enlightenment thinkers favored democratic forms of government in which the authority to rule stemmed from the people

Social Contract Theorists

• Social contract theorists, including Locke and Rousseau, believed that legitimate government arose from an agreement between rulers and ruled
• Their ideas helped inspire revolutions that overthrew traditional monarchies, including the American and French Revolutions

Empiricism and Rationalism

• The Enlightenment featured a debate between empiricists and rationalists
• Empiricists believed that knowledge came from the senses, while rationalists believed that knowledge came from the operation of pure reason
• Locke's idea of the tabula rasa, or blank slate, was highly influential, suggesting that people had no innate thoughts and could only think once they had experience.

Feudalism

• Roots of feudalism in Europe date back to the 5th century fall of Rome
• System of government based on land ownership
• All land officially owned by the sovereign, divided among the nobility
• Provided protection and sustainment to common people in Europe during a time of instability
• Serfs farmed the land and received protection from the wealthy landowner and their armies

The High Middle Ages

• King Henry II created the Constitutions of Clarendon to limit the power of the English clergy
• Magna Carta was signed by King John, limiting the power of the king and increasing the power of the land barons
• Charter of the Forest granted land rights to commoners
• Henry III revised and reissued the Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest multiple times
• Provisions of Oxford created committees involved in the king's decision making

The Crusades

• First Crusade began in 1096 after the Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II for help
• Different motivations for joining the Crusades, including fame, glory, and valuable commodities
• Outcome of the First Crusade was the establishment of four Crusader states

The 14th Century Decline

• Population decline in Europe due to factors such as the Little Ice Age, famine, and the Black Death
• Labor shortage led to peasants demanding fair wages and rebelling against feudalism
• Failure of medical theories and devastation of the plague led to the development of modern Western medicine

The Renaissance

• Period of cultural and artistic transformation in Europe, spanning the 14th to 17th centuries
• Centered in Italy, particularly in Florence
• Key innovations include the invention of the printing press and the Protestant Reformation
• Overlap with other eras, including the Elizabethan Era, the Age of Exploration, and the Protestant Reformation

Renaissance Humanism

• Based on the idea that individual humans have beauty, worth, virtue, and dignity
• Developed in the 14th to 16th centuries as the power of the Catholic Church declined
• Key figures include Petrarch, Dante Alighieri, and Giovanni Boccaccio
• Contributed to the development of arts, politics, education, and religion

Renaissance Art

• Focus on humanism and human experience
• Michelangelo was one of the greatest artists of the period
• Use of perspective and mythological themes
• Depiction of Christian and secular figures as human-like, rather than grandiose beings

The Printing Press

• Invention of moveable type printing by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450
• Revolutionized the spread of knowledge and contributed to the Protestant Reformation
• Contributed to the American Revolution by putting people in touch with big, debatable ideas

Michelangelo

• Born in Caprese, Italy in 1475
• Renowned painter, sculptor, architect, and poet
• Member of the "master trio" of Renaissance art, along with Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael
• Famous works include the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, David, Pietà, and Moses

Leonardo da Vinci

• 15th-century artist, inventor, anatomist, and philosopher
• Lived during the Renaissance in Italy
• Studied art at a young age and was commissioned to create works when he was in his twenties
• Famous works include the "Adoration of the Magi", "Vitruvian Man", "The Last Supper", and "Mona Lisa"

The Scientific Revolution

• Period of rapid scientific discoveries in Western Europe during the 17th century
• Causes include the rise of empiricism, new inventions, and new discoveries that questioned ancient philosophers
• Key figures include Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton
• Discoveries in astronomy, physics, mathematics, and biology

Astronomy

• Copernicus suggested that the sun was central to the orbiting planets
• Brahe attempted to bridge the geocentric and heliocentric theories
• Galileo's improvements on the telescope led to the discovery of the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus
• Kepler discovered the laws of planetary motion

Galileo

• Father of the scientific method and one of the first recorded scientific experiments
• Made great strides in astronomy, falling bodies, and sound frequencies
• Improvements on the telescope led to the discovery of the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus
• Supported the heliocentric model and was placed under house arrest by the Church

Johannes Kepler

• German astronomer who discovered the foundations of planetary motion
• Worked under Tycho Brahe and continued his work after Brahe's death
• Published Epitome Astronomiae, detailing his findings and supporting the heliocentric model
• Formulated Kepler's Laws, which govern planetary motion

The Enlightenment

• Era of individualism, humanism, and skepticism in the 17th and 18th centuries

• Causes include the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Protestant Reformation

• Key figures include René Descartes, John Locke, and Thomas Hobbes

• Effects on religion, education, and society, including the rejection of witchcraft, alchemy, and supernatural healers### Hobbes and Locke

• Both philosophers were born in England in the 17th century and attended Oxford University

• Both were exiled to Europe due to their political views

• Hobbes was a Royalist who believed in absolute monarchy as the ideal form of government

• Locke supported the Parliament and is considered the Father of Liberalism

• Hobbes believed that life in the state of nature was "nasty, brutish, and short"

• Locke believed that life in the state of nature was marked by the desire for justice, liberty, and equality

Social Contract Theory

• Hobbes believed that the social contract invested absolute power in a ruler to govern the citizenry
• Locke believed that the social contract meant investing some power in the ruler to protect citizens' human rights
• Hobbes believed that humans should use their reason to submit to the absolute authority of the monarch
• Locke believed that humans used their reason to exercise their three fundamental rights - life, liberty, and property

Authority and Government

• For Hobbes, the authority of the monarch was absolute and could not be questioned or revoked
• For Locke, the authority of the ruler was invested through the consent of the governed and could be revoked if the ruler abused power
• Hobbes wrote the influential political work Leviathan
• Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government, which influenced Thomas Jefferson and the US system of government

The Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that took place in Europe and America in the 18th century
• It emphasized the authority of the individual to use their reason and criticized traditional modes of authority
• It was often individualist and skeptical of presumed bodies of knowledge
• Enlightenment thinkers favored democratic forms of government in which the authority to rule stemmed from the people

Social Contract Theorists

• Social contract theorists, including Locke and Rousseau, believed that legitimate government arose from an agreement between rulers and ruled
• Their ideas helped inspire revolutions that overthrew traditional monarchies, including the American and French Revolutions

Empiricism and Rationalism

• The Enlightenment featured a debate between empiricists and rationalists
• Empiricists believed that knowledge came from the senses, while rationalists believed that knowledge came from the operation of pure reason
• Locke's idea of the tabula rasa, or blank slate, was highly influential, suggesting that people had no innate thoughts and could only think once they had experience.