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Questions and Answers
What led to the rise of feudalism in Europe?
What led to the rise of feudalism in Europe?
In a feudal system, who officially owns all the land?
In a feudal system, who officially owns all the land?
What was a benefit of feudalism to the common people of Europe?
What was a benefit of feudalism to the common people of Europe?
What was the purpose of the Constitutions of Clarendon?
What was the purpose of the Constitutions of Clarendon?
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What was the significance of the Magna Carta?
What was the significance of the Magna Carta?
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What was the main purpose of the Charter of the Forest?
What was the main purpose of the Charter of the Forest?
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What was the outcome of the First Crusade?
What was the outcome of the First Crusade?
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What was the result of the labor shortage after the Little Ice Age and the famine?
What was the result of the labor shortage after the Little Ice Age and the famine?
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What was a major innovation made during the Renaissance?
What was a major innovation made during the Renaissance?
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What was the Renaissance known for more than anything else?
What was the Renaissance known for more than anything else?
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What is the core idea behind Renaissance humanism?
What is the core idea behind Renaissance humanism?
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What is a characteristic of Renaissance art that differentiates it from medieval art?
What is a characteristic of Renaissance art that differentiates it from medieval art?
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Who is credited with the invention of the printing press?
Who is credited with the invention of the printing press?
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What is Michelangelo's preferred art form?
What is Michelangelo's preferred art form?
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What is a notable feature of Michelangelo's work in the Sistine Chapel?
What is a notable feature of Michelangelo's work in the Sistine Chapel?
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What was Johannes Kepler's major contribution to astronomy?
What was Johannes Kepler's major contribution to astronomy?
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What was a major characteristic of the Scientific Revolution?
What was a major characteristic of the Scientific Revolution?
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What was a significant consequence of the Scientific Revolution?
What was a significant consequence of the Scientific Revolution?
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What was a key feature of the Enlightenment Era?
What was a key feature of the Enlightenment Era?
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What was a significant influence on Johannes Kepler's work?
What was a significant influence on Johannes Kepler's work?
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What was the primary focus of the artist mentioned in the first lesson?
What was the primary focus of the artist mentioned in the first lesson?
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What was a significant outcome of the Scientific Revolution?
What was a significant outcome of the Scientific Revolution?
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Who is credited with developing the heliocentric model of the universe?
Who is credited with developing the heliocentric model of the universe?
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What was the main impact of the Protestant Reformation on the Enlightenment?
What was the main impact of the Protestant Reformation on the Enlightenment?
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What was Galileo's greatest impact on Western civilization?
What was Galileo's greatest impact on Western civilization?
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What was Johannes Kepler famous for?
What was Johannes Kepler famous for?
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What is the view that regards human reason as the primary means of discovering knowledge and determining what is true or false?
What is the view that regards human reason as the primary means of discovering knowledge and determining what is true or false?
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Who is considered the 'Father of Classical Liberalism'?
Who is considered the 'Father of Classical Liberalism'?
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What was Hobbes' view on the life of humans in the state of nature?
What was Hobbes' view on the life of humans in the state of nature?
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What was the main consequence of the Enlightenment on government and individual rights?
What was the main consequence of the Enlightenment on government and individual rights?
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What was the primary goal of Enlightenment thinkers in terms of government?
What was the primary goal of Enlightenment thinkers in terms of government?
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Who was influenced by Locke's ideas, as reflected in the US system of government?
Who was influenced by Locke's ideas, as reflected in the US system of government?
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What was a key aspect of the Enlightenment ideology?
What was a key aspect of the Enlightenment ideology?
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What was the primary focus of social contract theorists like Locke and Rousseau?
What was the primary focus of social contract theorists like Locke and Rousseau?
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What was the main idea behind Locke's concept of the tabula rasa?
What was the main idea behind Locke's concept of the tabula rasa?
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What was the primary difference between empiricists and rationalists in the Enlightenment?
What was the primary difference between empiricists and rationalists in the Enlightenment?
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What was a major outcome of the Enlightenment's emphasis on individual reason?
What was a major outcome of the Enlightenment's emphasis on individual reason?
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What was a key feature of Enlightenment thinkers' views on knowledge?
What was a key feature of Enlightenment thinkers' views on knowledge?
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What was the significance of Enlightenment thinkers in terms of government?
What was the significance of Enlightenment thinkers in terms of government?
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What was a major impact of the Enlightenment on Western society?
What was a major impact of the Enlightenment on Western society?
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What was the main reason for the rise of feudalism in Europe?
What was the main reason for the rise of feudalism in Europe?
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What benefit did feudalism offer to the common people of Europe?
What benefit did feudalism offer to the common people of Europe?
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What was the main purpose of the Constitutions of Clarendon?
What was the main purpose of the Constitutions of Clarendon?
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What was the significance of the Magna Carta?
What was the significance of the Magna Carta?
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What characterized feudal manors in Europe?
What characterized feudal manors in Europe?
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What was the primary motivation of Pope Urban II in calling for the First Crusade?
What was the primary motivation of Pope Urban II in calling for the First Crusade?
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What was a consequence of the labor shortage after the Little Ice Age and the famine?
What was a consequence of the labor shortage after the Little Ice Age and the famine?
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What was the Renaissance known for more than anything else?
What was the Renaissance known for more than anything else?
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What was an outcome of the First Crusade?
What was an outcome of the First Crusade?
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What was a result of the Provisions of Oxford?
What was a result of the Provisions of Oxford?
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What was the primary focus of the artist mentioned in the first lesson?
What was the primary focus of the artist mentioned in the first lesson?
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Who discovered that the Earth revolves around the Sun?
Who discovered that the Earth revolves around the Sun?
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What was Galileo's greatest impact on Western civilization?
What was Galileo's greatest impact on Western civilization?
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What was Johannes Kepler famous for?
What was Johannes Kepler famous for?
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What was a major characteristic of the Scientific Revolution?
What was a major characteristic of the Scientific Revolution?
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What was the primary impact of the decline of the Catholic Church on culture and education during the Renaissance?
What was the primary impact of the decline of the Catholic Church on culture and education during the Renaissance?
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Which of the following artists is NOT considered one of the 'master trio' of Renaissance art?
Which of the following artists is NOT considered one of the 'master trio' of Renaissance art?
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What was the significance of Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press?
What was the significance of Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press?
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What was the primary focus of Renaissance art?
What was the primary focus of Renaissance art?
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What was the main characteristic of Michelangelo's work in the Sistine Chapel?
What was the main characteristic of Michelangelo's work in the Sistine Chapel?
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What was Johannes Kepler's significant contribution to astronomy?
What was Johannes Kepler's significant contribution to astronomy?
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What was a major characteristic of the Scientific Revolution?
What was a major characteristic of the Scientific Revolution?
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What was a key feature of the Enlightenment Era?
What was a key feature of the Enlightenment Era?
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What was a significant outcome of the Scientific Revolution?
What was a significant outcome of the Scientific Revolution?
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What was a major influence on Johannes Kepler's work?
What was a major influence on Johannes Kepler's work?
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What was the primary focus of the Renaissance?
What was the primary focus of the Renaissance?
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What was the main difference between Thomas Hobbes and John Locke's views on the social contract?
What was the main difference between Thomas Hobbes and John Locke's views on the social contract?
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What was a significant outcome of the Enlightenment on government and individual rights?
What was a significant outcome of the Enlightenment on government and individual rights?
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What was the main goal of Enlightenment thinkers in terms of government?
What was the main goal of Enlightenment thinkers in terms of government?
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What is the view that regards human reason as the primary means of discovering knowledge and determining what is true or false?
What is the view that regards human reason as the primary means of discovering knowledge and determining what is true or false?
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What was the primary goal of Enlightenment thinkers in terms of government?
What was the primary goal of Enlightenment thinkers in terms of government?
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Who was influenced by Locke's ideas, as reflected in the US system of government?
Who was influenced by Locke's ideas, as reflected in the US system of government?
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What was the primary focus of social contract theorists like Locke and Rousseau?
What was the primary focus of social contract theorists like Locke and Rousseau?
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What was the main idea behind Locke's concept of the tabula rasa?
What was the main idea behind Locke's concept of the tabula rasa?
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What was the primary difference between empiricists and rationalists in the Enlightenment?
What was the primary difference between empiricists and rationalists in the Enlightenment?
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What was a major outcome of the Enlightenment's emphasis on individual reason?
What was a major outcome of the Enlightenment's emphasis on individual reason?
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What was a key feature of Enlightenment thinkers' views on knowledge?
What was a key feature of Enlightenment thinkers' views on knowledge?
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What was the significance of Enlightenment thinkers in terms of government?
What was the significance of Enlightenment thinkers in terms of government?
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What was a major impact of the Enlightenment on Western society?
What was a major impact of the Enlightenment on Western society?
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What was a characteristic of Enlightenment thinkers?
What was a characteristic of Enlightenment thinkers?
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Study Notes
Feudalism
- Roots of feudalism in Europe date back to the 5th century fall of Rome
- System of government based on land ownership
- All land officially owned by the sovereign, divided among the nobility
- Provided protection and sustainment to common people in Europe during a time of instability
- Serfs farmed the land and received protection from the wealthy landowner and their armies
The High Middle Ages
- King Henry II created the Constitutions of Clarendon to limit the power of the English clergy
- Magna Carta was signed by King John, limiting the power of the king and increasing the power of the land barons
- Charter of the Forest granted land rights to commoners
- Henry III revised and reissued the Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest multiple times
- Provisions of Oxford created committees involved in the king's decision making
The Crusades
- First Crusade began in 1096 after the Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II for help
- Different motivations for joining the Crusades, including fame, glory, and valuable commodities
- Outcome of the First Crusade was the establishment of four Crusader states
The 14th Century Decline
- Population decline in Europe due to factors such as the Little Ice Age, famine, and the Black Death
- Labor shortage led to peasants demanding fair wages and rebelling against feudalism
- Failure of medical theories and devastation of the plague led to the development of modern Western medicine
The Renaissance
- Period of cultural and artistic transformation in Europe, spanning the 14th to 17th centuries
- Centered in Italy, particularly in Florence
- Key innovations include the invention of the printing press and the Protestant Reformation
- Overlap with other eras, including the Elizabethan Era, the Age of Exploration, and the Protestant Reformation
Renaissance Humanism
- Based on the idea that individual humans have beauty, worth, virtue, and dignity
- Developed in the 14th to 16th centuries as the power of the Catholic Church declined
- Key figures include Petrarch, Dante Alighieri, and Giovanni Boccaccio
- Contributed to the development of arts, politics, education, and religion
Renaissance Art
- Focus on humanism and human experience
- Michelangelo was one of the greatest artists of the period
- Use of perspective and mythological themes
- Depiction of Christian and secular figures as human-like, rather than grandiose beings
The Printing Press
- Invention of moveable type printing by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450
- Revolutionized the spread of knowledge and contributed to the Protestant Reformation
- Contributed to the American Revolution by putting people in touch with big, debatable ideas
Michelangelo
- Born in Caprese, Italy in 1475
- Renowned painter, sculptor, architect, and poet
- Member of the "master trio" of Renaissance art, along with Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael
- Famous works include the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, David, Pietà, and Moses
Leonardo da Vinci
- 15th-century artist, inventor, anatomist, and philosopher
- Lived during the Renaissance in Italy
- Studied art at a young age and was commissioned to create works when he was in his twenties
- Famous works include the "Adoration of the Magi", "Vitruvian Man", "The Last Supper", and "Mona Lisa"
The Scientific Revolution
- Period of rapid scientific discoveries in Western Europe during the 17th century
- Causes include the rise of empiricism, new inventions, and new discoveries that questioned ancient philosophers
- Key figures include Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton
- Discoveries in astronomy, physics, mathematics, and biology
Astronomy
- Copernicus suggested that the sun was central to the orbiting planets
- Brahe attempted to bridge the geocentric and heliocentric theories
- Galileo's improvements on the telescope led to the discovery of the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus
- Kepler discovered the laws of planetary motion
Galileo
- Father of the scientific method and one of the first recorded scientific experiments
- Made great strides in astronomy, falling bodies, and sound frequencies
- Improvements on the telescope led to the discovery of the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus
- Supported the heliocentric model and was placed under house arrest by the Church
Johannes Kepler
- German astronomer who discovered the foundations of planetary motion
- Worked under Tycho Brahe and continued his work after Brahe's death
- Published Epitome Astronomiae, detailing his findings and supporting the heliocentric model
- Formulated Kepler's Laws, which govern planetary motion
The Enlightenment
-
Era of individualism, humanism, and skepticism in the 17th and 18th centuries
-
Causes include the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Protestant Reformation
-
Key figures include René Descartes, John Locke, and Thomas Hobbes
-
Effects on religion, education, and society, including the rejection of witchcraft, alchemy, and supernatural healers### Hobbes and Locke
-
Both philosophers were born in England in the 17th century and attended Oxford University
-
Both were exiled to Europe due to their political views
-
Hobbes was a Royalist who believed in absolute monarchy as the ideal form of government
-
Locke supported the Parliament and is considered the Father of Liberalism
-
Hobbes believed that life in the state of nature was "nasty, brutish, and short"
-
Locke believed that life in the state of nature was marked by the desire for justice, liberty, and equality
Social Contract Theory
- Hobbes believed that the social contract invested absolute power in a ruler to govern the citizenry
- Locke believed that the social contract meant investing some power in the ruler to protect citizens' human rights
- Hobbes believed that humans should use their reason to submit to the absolute authority of the monarch
- Locke believed that humans used their reason to exercise their three fundamental rights - life, liberty, and property
Authority and Government
- For Hobbes, the authority of the monarch was absolute and could not be questioned or revoked
- For Locke, the authority of the ruler was invested through the consent of the governed and could be revoked if the ruler abused power
- Hobbes wrote the influential political work Leviathan
- Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government, which influenced Thomas Jefferson and the US system of government
The Enlightenment
- The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that took place in Europe and America in the 18th century
- It emphasized the authority of the individual to use their reason and criticized traditional modes of authority
- It was often individualist and skeptical of presumed bodies of knowledge
- Enlightenment thinkers favored democratic forms of government in which the authority to rule stemmed from the people
Social Contract Theorists
- Social contract theorists, including Locke and Rousseau, believed that legitimate government arose from an agreement between rulers and ruled
- Their ideas helped inspire revolutions that overthrew traditional monarchies, including the American and French Revolutions
Empiricism and Rationalism
- The Enlightenment featured a debate between empiricists and rationalists
- Empiricists believed that knowledge came from the senses, while rationalists believed that knowledge came from the operation of pure reason
- Locke's idea of the tabula rasa, or blank slate, was highly influential, suggesting that people had no innate thoughts and could only think once they had experience.
Feudalism
- Roots of feudalism in Europe date back to the 5th century fall of Rome
- System of government based on land ownership
- All land officially owned by the sovereign, divided among the nobility
- Provided protection and sustainment to common people in Europe during a time of instability
- Serfs farmed the land and received protection from the wealthy landowner and their armies
The High Middle Ages
- King Henry II created the Constitutions of Clarendon to limit the power of the English clergy
- Magna Carta was signed by King John, limiting the power of the king and increasing the power of the land barons
- Charter of the Forest granted land rights to commoners
- Henry III revised and reissued the Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest multiple times
- Provisions of Oxford created committees involved in the king's decision making
The Crusades
- First Crusade began in 1096 after the Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II for help
- Different motivations for joining the Crusades, including fame, glory, and valuable commodities
- Outcome of the First Crusade was the establishment of four Crusader states
The 14th Century Decline
- Population decline in Europe due to factors such as the Little Ice Age, famine, and the Black Death
- Labor shortage led to peasants demanding fair wages and rebelling against feudalism
- Failure of medical theories and devastation of the plague led to the development of modern Western medicine
The Renaissance
- Period of cultural and artistic transformation in Europe, spanning the 14th to 17th centuries
- Centered in Italy, particularly in Florence
- Key innovations include the invention of the printing press and the Protestant Reformation
- Overlap with other eras, including the Elizabethan Era, the Age of Exploration, and the Protestant Reformation
Renaissance Humanism
- Based on the idea that individual humans have beauty, worth, virtue, and dignity
- Developed in the 14th to 16th centuries as the power of the Catholic Church declined
- Key figures include Petrarch, Dante Alighieri, and Giovanni Boccaccio
- Contributed to the development of arts, politics, education, and religion
Renaissance Art
- Focus on humanism and human experience
- Michelangelo was one of the greatest artists of the period
- Use of perspective and mythological themes
- Depiction of Christian and secular figures as human-like, rather than grandiose beings
The Printing Press
- Invention of moveable type printing by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450
- Revolutionized the spread of knowledge and contributed to the Protestant Reformation
- Contributed to the American Revolution by putting people in touch with big, debatable ideas
Michelangelo
- Born in Caprese, Italy in 1475
- Renowned painter, sculptor, architect, and poet
- Member of the "master trio" of Renaissance art, along with Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael
- Famous works include the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, David, Pietà, and Moses
Leonardo da Vinci
- 15th-century artist, inventor, anatomist, and philosopher
- Lived during the Renaissance in Italy
- Studied art at a young age and was commissioned to create works when he was in his twenties
- Famous works include the "Adoration of the Magi", "Vitruvian Man", "The Last Supper", and "Mona Lisa"
The Scientific Revolution
- Period of rapid scientific discoveries in Western Europe during the 17th century
- Causes include the rise of empiricism, new inventions, and new discoveries that questioned ancient philosophers
- Key figures include Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton
- Discoveries in astronomy, physics, mathematics, and biology
Astronomy
- Copernicus suggested that the sun was central to the orbiting planets
- Brahe attempted to bridge the geocentric and heliocentric theories
- Galileo's improvements on the telescope led to the discovery of the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus
- Kepler discovered the laws of planetary motion
Galileo
- Father of the scientific method and one of the first recorded scientific experiments
- Made great strides in astronomy, falling bodies, and sound frequencies
- Improvements on the telescope led to the discovery of the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus
- Supported the heliocentric model and was placed under house arrest by the Church
Johannes Kepler
- German astronomer who discovered the foundations of planetary motion
- Worked under Tycho Brahe and continued his work after Brahe's death
- Published Epitome Astronomiae, detailing his findings and supporting the heliocentric model
- Formulated Kepler's Laws, which govern planetary motion
The Enlightenment
-
Era of individualism, humanism, and skepticism in the 17th and 18th centuries
-
Causes include the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Protestant Reformation
-
Key figures include René Descartes, John Locke, and Thomas Hobbes
-
Effects on religion, education, and society, including the rejection of witchcraft, alchemy, and supernatural healers### Hobbes and Locke
-
Both philosophers were born in England in the 17th century and attended Oxford University
-
Both were exiled to Europe due to their political views
-
Hobbes was a Royalist who believed in absolute monarchy as the ideal form of government
-
Locke supported the Parliament and is considered the Father of Liberalism
-
Hobbes believed that life in the state of nature was "nasty, brutish, and short"
-
Locke believed that life in the state of nature was marked by the desire for justice, liberty, and equality
Social Contract Theory
- Hobbes believed that the social contract invested absolute power in a ruler to govern the citizenry
- Locke believed that the social contract meant investing some power in the ruler to protect citizens' human rights
- Hobbes believed that humans should use their reason to submit to the absolute authority of the monarch
- Locke believed that humans used their reason to exercise their three fundamental rights - life, liberty, and property
Authority and Government
- For Hobbes, the authority of the monarch was absolute and could not be questioned or revoked
- For Locke, the authority of the ruler was invested through the consent of the governed and could be revoked if the ruler abused power
- Hobbes wrote the influential political work Leviathan
- Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government, which influenced Thomas Jefferson and the US system of government
The Enlightenment
- The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that took place in Europe and America in the 18th century
- It emphasized the authority of the individual to use their reason and criticized traditional modes of authority
- It was often individualist and skeptical of presumed bodies of knowledge
- Enlightenment thinkers favored democratic forms of government in which the authority to rule stemmed from the people
Social Contract Theorists
- Social contract theorists, including Locke and Rousseau, believed that legitimate government arose from an agreement between rulers and ruled
- Their ideas helped inspire revolutions that overthrew traditional monarchies, including the American and French Revolutions
Empiricism and Rationalism
- The Enlightenment featured a debate between empiricists and rationalists
- Empiricists believed that knowledge came from the senses, while rationalists believed that knowledge came from the operation of pure reason
- Locke's idea of the tabula rasa, or blank slate, was highly influential, suggesting that people had no innate thoughts and could only think once they had experience.
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Description
Learn about the origins of feudalism in Europe, tracing back to the 5th century fall of Rome. Discover how feudalism became a dominant system of government in Europe, based on land ownership.
