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Questions and Answers
During the Middle English period, what Old English numeral did the indefinite article a/an stem from?
During the Middle English period, what Old English numeral did the indefinite article a/an stem from?
Which suffixes brought abstract meanings to words in English and were used to form new words from English roots?
Which suffixes brought abstract meanings to words in English and were used to form new words from English roots?
What was the Norman contribution to the English language's spelling regarding the Old English symbol Þ?
What was the Norman contribution to the English language's spelling regarding the Old English symbol Þ?
Which of the following words is an example of an English word retaining its Anglo-Saxon origin?
Which of the following words is an example of an English word retaining its Anglo-Saxon origin?
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What change occurred to the Old English u in words like 'hus' and 'mus' during the Norman period?
What change occurred to the Old English u in words like 'hus' and 'mus' during the Norman period?
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'Government' and 'agreement' are examples of words where suffix -ment was used to create abstract meanings. Which other suffix plays a similar role?
'Government' and 'agreement' are examples of words where suffix -ment was used to create abstract meanings. Which other suffix plays a similar role?
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Which linguistic concept supports the idea that there are no full synonyms in a language?
Which linguistic concept supports the idea that there are no full synonyms in a language?
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'To devour', 'territory', and 'building' are examples of words borrowed into English from which language?
'To devour', 'territory', and 'building' are examples of words borrowed into English from which language?
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'Disbelieve', 'disappear', and 'distaste' are formed using which prefix that was introduced into English?
'Disbelieve', 'disappear', and 'distaste' are formed using which prefix that was introduced into English?
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In what year was the Duchy of Normandy founded?
In what year was the Duchy of Normandy founded?
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Which king of France gave land to Rollo, the Viking leader, near Rouen and the lower Seine?
Which king of France gave land to Rollo, the Viking leader, near Rouen and the lower Seine?
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What was the name Rollo took after converting to Christianity?
What was the name Rollo took after converting to Christianity?
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What language group did the French belong to that the Normans lived among?
What language group did the French belong to that the Normans lived among?
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Under whose rule did the Normans live in the Duchy of Normandy?
Under whose rule did the Normans live in the Duchy of Normandy?
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What factor contributed to the practical independence of the Dukes of Normandy from the King of France in the 11th century?
What factor contributed to the practical independence of the Dukes of Normandy from the King of France in the 11th century?
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What made the Norman knights stand out in Europe during the 11th century?
What made the Norman knights stand out in Europe during the 11th century?
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Why did King William of Normandy promise land to Christians in Europe who joined his army to conquer the English throne?
Why did King William of Normandy promise land to Christians in Europe who joined his army to conquer the English throne?
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What event marked the beginning of the struggle for the English throne after King Edward's death?
What event marked the beginning of the struggle for the English throne after King Edward's death?
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What resource was instrumental in Duke William of Normandy raising an army quickly for his claim to the English throne?
What resource was instrumental in Duke William of Normandy raising an army quickly for his claim to the English throne?
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Study Notes
Feudal System in France and Normandy
- The feudal system in France was established by the 11th century, with the Norman barons possessing large tracts of land and numerous serfs.
- The Normans lived under the rule of the Duke of Normandy, who had made themselves practically independent from the King of France.
- They were as strong as the king himself, whose domain was smaller than the Duchy of Normandy.
Norman Knights
- Norman knights were well-trained cavalry and were the best in Europe.
- They were formidable fighters and would wage wars to seize new lands and serfs.
Claimants to the English Throne
- The question of who should follow Edward the Confessor as king was one of the most important in English history.
- King Edward relied heavily on his brother-in-law, Harold Godwin, and named him as his successor.
- Edward had also promised the English crown to his nephew William, the Duke of Normandy, in return for his support.
The Battle of Hastings
- The English and Norman armies met on October 14, 1066, in the neighborhood of Hastings.
- The Normans outnumbered the Anglo-Saxon forces and were superior in quality.
- The Normans used a combination of heavy-armored cavalry and archers to defeat the English.
- Harold Godwin died in the battle, struck by an arrow, and the Normans succeeded in breaking the line of defense.
William the Conqueror
- William, the Duke of Normandy, was crowned King of England on Christmas Day 1066.
- He ruled England for 21 years, from 1066 to 1087.
- William commissioned the Domesday Book, a comprehensive survey of England's land and resources.
The Domesday Book
- The Domesday Book was completed in 1086 and provided information on land ownership, value, and resources.
- It was the first registration and complete economic survey in England.
The Norman Conquest's Impact on the English Language
- The Norman Conquest introduced French language and suffixes into the English language.
- New suffixes and prefixes were introduced, such as -ance, -ence, -ment, -age, and dis-.
- The Norman period enriched the English language with synonyms.
The Story of Thomas Becket
- Henry II's desire to assert royal power led to a conflict with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury.
- Becket fled to France, received the Pope's blessing, and returned to England to strengthen the Church's position.
- Becket was killed in Canterbury Cathedral by four barons sent by the king in 1171.
- He was canonized in 1173, and his tomb became a center of pilgrimage.
Richard the Lion Heart
- Richard I, also known as Richard the Lion Heart, was one of England's most popular kings.
- He was brave, cruel, and generous, and inspired loyalty.
- He spent only six months of his reign in England.
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Description
Explore the completion of the feudal system in France by the 11th century, the possession of land by Norman barons, and the independence of dukes and counts from the King of France. Learn about the role of the Duke of Normandy in this historical period.
