Fetal Cardiac Development
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Questions and Answers

Where is the ovale opening located?

  • In the pulmonary artery
  • In the aorta
  • In the placenta
  • In the atrium (correct)

    • What is the main function of the placenta?

  • To filter waste from the blood
  • To regulate the fetal heartbeat
  • To exchange gases between the mother and the fetus (correct)
  • To produce nutrients for the fetus

    • Why does the fetus not need its lungs to function?

  • Because the liver is producing oxygen
  • Because the umbilical cord is providing oxygen
  • Because the fetus is not growing
  • Because the placenta is doing the job of gas exchange (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the umbilical arteries?

    <p>To take deoxygenated blood away from the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the oxygenated blood from the placenta enter the fetus?

    <p>Through the umbilical vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta in the fetus?

    <p>They are directly connected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cardiogenic field in fetal cardiac development?

    <p>Blood forming cavities in a 'U' shape cranial to the neural plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the fetus not using its lungs for gas exchange?

    <p>Because the placenta is doing the job</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the internal division of the cardiac tube?

    <p>Separation of the primitive atrium into left and right atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the umbilical vein?

    <p>To bring oxygenated blood to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the ovale opening important?

    <p>It allows oxygenated blood to flow from the placenta to the rest of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the foramen ovale?

    <p>Allows oxygenated blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms from the truncus arteriosus?

    <p>The aortic arches and the pulmonary trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the closure of the foramen ovale?

    <p>Formation of the fossa ovalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage in which the cardiac tube folds?

    <p>Loop formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor to the right ventricle?

    <p>Bulbus cordis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the aortic arches?

    <p>The truncus arteriosus through a spiral aorticopulmonary septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primitive structure that separates into the left and right atria?

    <p>Primitive atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tunica intima in blood vessels?

    <p>To modulate homeostasis and perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of elastic arteries?

    <p>Loose connective tissue in the tunica intima</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between functional and anatomical closure of the foramen ovale?

    <p>Functional closure occurs when the primary and secondary septum physically push together, and anatomical closure occurs when they fuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between blood flow through the fetal heart and the neonatal heart?

    <p>Blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs in the neonatal heart, but not in the fetal heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the tunica media in blood vessels?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost layer of blood vessels called?

    <p>Tunica adventitia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in the fetal heart?

    <p>To allow blood to flow from the right ventricle to the aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fusion of the primary and secondary septum in the foramen ovale?

    <p>Anatomical closure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the vasa vasorum in blood vessels?

    <p>To supply oxygen and nutrients to the vessel wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the tunica media in elastic arteries?

    <p>Elastic lamellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessel has the greatest effect on blood pressure?

    <p>Arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of metarterioles?

    <p>Control blood flow into capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue forms the walls of capillaries?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the walls of sinusoid capillaries?

    <p>They allow proteins and blood cells to pass through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of venules?

    <p>Return deoxygenated blood to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of tunica intima in veins?

    <p>It has endothelial cells with an elastic fiber core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the tunica adventitia in veins?

    <p>Loose connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in venules that allows white blood cells to pass through the vessel walls?

    <p>Leukocyte diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the serous fluid secreted by the mesothelium?

    <p>Lubrication during pumping movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue is found beneath the mesothelium in the heart?

    <p>Dense connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Purkinje cells in the heart?

    <p>Conduction of electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of junctions are found in intercalated discs?

    <p>Gap junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of striated cardiac muscle?

    <p>Striations are visible under a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pericytes in the body?

    <p>Stem cell source and angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of podocytes in the nephrons?

    <p>Increasing the surface area for filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cells that wrap around the endothelium of capillaries and venules?

    <p>Pericytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of pericytes in angiogenesis?

    <p>They promote the formation of new blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Continuous capillaries are the most common capillaries found in body

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of sinusoid capillaries?

    <p>The lumen is enlarged and irregular, endothelium is discontinuous and fenestrated, and basal lamina is discontinuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are fenestrated capillaries typically found?

    <p>Intestinal villi, choroid plexus, and glomerular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of fenestrated capillaries?

    <p>To allow fluid exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of capillaries are the most common in the body?

    <p>Continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of continuous capillaries?

    <p>The endothelium is continuous and non-fenestrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cells that wrap around the endothelium of capillaries and venules?

    <p>Roujet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pericytes?

    <p>To provide a source of stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pericytes communicate with each other?

    <p>Through physical contact and paracrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of pericytes in angiogenesis?

    <p>They are vital for the formation of new blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in pericytes after injury?

    <p>They proliferate and help in the repair process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fetal Cardiac Development

    • The cardiogenic field is a "U"-shaped area of blood-forming cavities cranial to the neural plate.
    • The cardiac tube is formed from the cardiogenic fields.
    • Loop formation occurs when the cardiac tube folds.
    • The internal division of the cardiac tube forms:
      • Primitive atrium -> left and right atria
      • Primitive ventricle -> left ventricle
      • Bulbus cordis -> right ventricle
      • Truncus arteriosus -> aorta and pulmonary trunk
    • Truncus arteriosus is a part of the cardiac tube that divides into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
    • Bulbus cordis is a part of the cardiac tube that becomes the right ventricle.
    • Foramen ovale is a passage through the right and left atria.
    • Fossa ovalis is the remnant of the foramen ovale after it closes and fuses shut.
    • Aortic arches form from the truncus arteriosus through a spiral aorticopulmonary septum.

    Fetal Circulation

    • The placenta performs gas exchange, not the lungs or liver.
    • The umbilical cord has two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.
    • Deoxygenated blood flows from the right atrium to the left atrium through the foramen ovale.
    • Oxygenated blood from the placenta returns to the right atrium through the umbilical vein.
    • Blood flow in the fetus:
      • Right atrium -> left atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> ductus arteriosus -> aorta -> body
      • Right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> lungs (minimal flow)

    Functional vs. Anatomical Closure

    • Functional closure of the foramen ovale: the primary and secondary septum get physically pushed together, closing the gap.
    • Anatomical closure of the foramen ovale: the primary and secondary septum fuse together, becoming the fossa ovalis.
    • Functional and anatomical closure of the ductus arteriosus occur in a similar manner.

    Neonatal Heart Blood Flow

    • Blood flow in the neonate:
      • Right atrium -> right ventricle -> lungs -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> body

    Vessel Structure and Characteristics

    • The three main layers of vessels are:
      • Tunica intima (innermost layer)
      • Tunica media (middle layer)
      • Tunica adventitia (outermost layer)
    • Artery types:
      • Elastic arteries (e.g. aorta) have mostly elastic lamellae in the tunica media.
      • Muscular arteries (e.g. femoral artery) have mostly smooth muscle in the tunica media.
    • Arterioles have the greatest effect on blood pressure and have a single layer of smooth muscle cells.
    • Metarterioles have sphincters that regulate blood flow into capillaries.
    • Capillaries:
      • Are one cell layer thick
      • Allow for nutrient and gas exchange
      • Have three types: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal
    • Venules:
      • Are also known as postcapillary venules
      • Have no smooth muscle
      • Are very "leaky"
      • Allow for leukocyte diapedesis
    • Veins:
      • Have three layers: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia
      • Valves are present in veins to prevent backflow
    • Lymphatic vessels:
      • Have a surface of mesothelium that secretes serous fluid
      • Have a variable thickness of adipose tissue and coronary arteries and veins

    Cardiac Cells and Tissues

    • Purkinje cells:
      • Are modified cardiomyocytes that aid in conduction
      • Are also known as fibers
    • Intercalated discs:
      • Include gap junctions and desmosomes
      • Allow for communication and strength between cardiomyocytes
    • Striated cardiac muscle: composed of cardiomyocytes
    • Pericytes:
      • Are contractile cells that wrap around endothelium in capillaries and venules
      • Are important for homeostasis and angiogenesis
    • Podocytes:
      • Are located in nephrons
      • Help prevent large molecules from being filtered by increasing surface area with pedicals

    Types of Capillaries

    • Continuous Capillaries: most common type of capillary, found in brain, bone, and lungs
    • Fenestrated Capillaries: allow fluid exchange, found in intestinal villi, choroid plexus, and glomerular capillaries (renal)
    • Sinusoid Capillaries:
      • Lumen is enlarged and irregular
      • Endothelium is discontinuous and fenestrated
      • Basal lamina is discontinuous
      • Larger molecules are able to exit/enter
      • Found in spleen and liver

    Pericytes

    • Also known as Rouget cells
    • Contractile cells that wrap around the endothelium of capillaries and venules
    • Communicate through physical contact and paracrine signaling

    Functions of Pericytes

    • Serve as a stem cell source
    • Proliferate after injury to aid in repair
    • Vital for angiogenesis, enabling the formation of new blood vessels
    • Play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis

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    Description

    Discover the stages of fetal cardiac development, from the formation of the cardiac tube to the internal division of the heart chambers.

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