40 Questions
What should be removed and destroyed in an orchard sanitation program?
All dropped fruit
What is the main purpose of cultural control in pest management?
To use resistant and healthy planting materials
Why is it important to harvest fruits at the right time?
To ensure proper utilization and consumption
What is the purpose of legislative control in pest management?
To prevent the introduction of pests and diseases
What is one of the practices involved in an orchard sanitation program?
Collecting and burning debris
What helps to determine the right time to harvest fruits?
Maturity indices
What are the two main functions of packaging?
To assemble the produce into convenient units for handling and to protect the produce during distribution
What is the purpose of mechanical control in pest management?
To remove and burn diseased branches
What is one of the factors to consider when deciding on methods of fruit harvesting?
The market options for fruits
What should modern packages not contain?
Toxic chemicals
Why is storage essential for fruits and vegetables?
To extend the storage life of fruits and vegetables
What type of storage structure can be used in places with low temperature?
Common storage
What is the primary objective of storage and preservation?
To extend the storage life of fruits and vegetables
Why do fruits and vegetables require proper storage facilities?
Because they are highly perishable
What is the advantage of storing potatoes in pits?
It allows for continuous harvesting of potatoes
What regulates the temperature in natural storage structures?
Natural circulation and insulation
What is the primary goal of maintaining genetic uniformity in plants?
To avoid heterozygosity
Which of the following is an advantage of asexual propagation?
It shortens the juvenile period
What is the purpose of grafting in plant propagation?
To combine two genotypes into one plant
What is a propagule in plant propagation?
Any plant part used to produce a new plant or a population of plants
Which of the following plants is commonly propagated using layering?
Guava
What is the difference between cultivar, strain, and hybrid?
Cultivar is a group of related plants, strain is a type of cultivar, and hybrid is a cross between two cultivars
What is micropropagation?
A method of asexual propagation using tissue culture
What is the importance of using good quality seeds in plant propagation?
To ensure the seeds are fertile and will germinate well
Which of the following is an example of a specialized plant structure used for asexual propagation?
Rhizome
What is the primary purpose of a nursery in fruit production?
To propagate fruit plants
What type of propagation involves the utilization of seeds?
Sexual propagation
What is an embryo in a seed?
A complete plant in miniature, consisting of leaf, stem, and root premordia
What is Pomology?
The study of fruit production
How are most fruit crops propagated in small-scale farms in Ethiopia?
By using seeds
What is the purpose of a seed in plant propagation?
To serve as a bridge between generations of plants
What is a characteristic of a seed?
It is a living entity that contains an embryo
What is the purpose of broadcast fertilizer application?
To apply fertilizer in a wide area
What is the benefit of using starter solutions?
To satisfy fertility needs when setting out transplants
What is the advantage of side dressing?
It allows for fertilizer to be applied as needed
When is foliar feeding used?
When the soil is too cold for the plants to extract fertilizer
What determines where fertilizer is applied in a band?
The distance and depth of the seeds or plants being planted
Why is fertilizer mechanically incorporated into the soil?
To mix the fertilizer with the soil
How is fertilizer applied in a band?
In a narrow band 5 to 7.5 cm to the side of the planting area
What is the purpose of applying fertilizer?
To provide nutrients to the plants
Study Notes
Orchard Sanitation
- Collect and burn debris to eliminate conditions that encourage mice.
- Remove and destroy all dropped fruit to prevent pest and disease attraction.
- Rake and burn apple and cherry leaves to prevent disease spread.
- Scrape loose bark from trunks, crotches, and main limbs of apple trees to prevent pest and disease habitat.
- Prune out and destroy all dead or diseased limbs, branches, and twigs to prevent disease spread.
Control of Weeds, Pests, and Diseases
- Cultural control measures include:
- Using resistant and healthy planting materials
- Maintaining adequate plant density per unit area
- Effective weed control and sanitation
- Biological control measures utilize natural enemies of pests and diseases, such as parasites and predators.
- Mechanical control measures include simple actions like picking up and destroying large pests or removing and burning diseased branches.
- Chemical control measures use insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and nematicides, but require careful attention due to potential dangers.
- Legislative control measures include quarantine laws and standards to prevent the introduction of pests and diseases.
Harvesting of Fruit Crops
- Fruits are "living" structures and must be harvested at the right time for proper utilization and consumption.
- Maturity indices help determine the right time to harvest.
- Packaging provides protection, convenience, economy, and appeal.
- Packaging functions include:
- Assembling produce into convenient units for handling
- Protecting produce during distribution, storage, and marketing
- Modern packaging must:
- Have sufficient mechanical strength to protect contents during handling and transport
- Not contain toxic chemicals
- Allow rapid cooling and insulation from external heat
- Have sufficient permeability to respiratory gases
- Facilitate easy disposal, reuse, or recycling
- Be cost-effective
Storage and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables
- Storage is essential to extend the supply of fruits and vegetables.
- Objectives of storage include:
- Extending the storage life of fruits and vegetables
- Increasing their period of availability
- Substantial quantities of fruits go waste due to lack of proper storage facilities.
- Fruits and vegetables are living entities that continue to carry out vital physiological activities after harvest.
- Types of storage include:
- Common storage: using caves, mounds, trenches, and other natural structures
- Temperature-regulated storage: using natural circulation and insulation
Fruit Propagation
- Plant propagation is the science of multiplying and producing plants using propagules.
- Propagules include:
- Seeds
- Cuttings
- Layers
- Buds
- Scions
- Explants
- Specialized structures (bulbs, tubers, and corms)
- Propagation methods include:
- Sexual propagation: using seeds
- Asexual propagation: using stems, buds, and other plant parts
- Asexual propagation is faster and shorter, and may be more economical.
- Importance of using good quality seeds includes:
- Maintaining true-to-type or genetic uniformity
- Avoiding heterozygosity
- Shortening the juvenile period
- Being more economical
- Combining multiple genotypes into a single plant
- Methods of asexual propagation include:
- Layering
- Cutting
- Budding
- Grafting
- Micropropagation/tissue culture
- Using specialized plant structures (stolons/runners, rhizomes/suckers, corms)
Fertilizer Application Methods
- Broadcast: spreading fertilizer over the growing area and incorporating it into the soil
- Band: applying narrow bands of fertilizer in furrows next to the planting area
- Starter solutions: applying fertilizer to satisfy the need for fertility when setting out transplants
- Side dress: applying fertilizer as a side dressing after plants are growing
- Foliar feed: applying fertilizer to the leaves when insufficient fertilizer was applied before planting, a quick growth response is wanted, or micro-nutrients are locked into the soil
Learn about the different methods of applying fertilizer, including broadcast and band application, and their uses in various crops.
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