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Questions and Answers
What is a Structural Tee also known as?
What is a Structural Tee also known as?
Which designation corresponds to the ASTM standard for intermediate grade steel?
Which designation corresponds to the ASTM standard for intermediate grade steel?
What shape does a Zee bar have?
What shape does a Zee bar have?
What does a deformed bar improve when used with concrete?
What does a deformed bar improve when used with concrete?
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How is a Standard Pipe designated?
How is a Standard Pipe designated?
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Which grades of steel are often noted for identification?
Which grades of steel are often noted for identification?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of structural tubing?
Which of the following is a characteristic of structural tubing?
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What is the typical diameter range for reinforcing bars?
What is the typical diameter range for reinforcing bars?
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Which steel type is designed for increased strength in pipes?
Which steel type is designed for increased strength in pipes?
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Which of the following represents a type of reinforcing bar?
Which of the following represents a type of reinforcing bar?
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What distinguishes malleable cast iron from regular cast iron?
What distinguishes malleable cast iron from regular cast iron?
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Which type of iron is primarily known for its toughness and malleability?
Which type of iron is primarily known for its toughness and malleability?
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What is the maximum carbon content in steel as compared to cast iron?
What is the maximum carbon content in steel as compared to cast iron?
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Which application is NOT typical for cast iron?
Which application is NOT typical for cast iron?
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What is a main characteristic of mild steel?
What is a main characteristic of mild steel?
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Which of the following is a common use for steel mesh?
Which of the following is a common use for steel mesh?
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What does corrugated steel primarily provide?
What does corrugated steel primarily provide?
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Which of the following is a feature of cast iron?
Which of the following is a feature of cast iron?
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In which form is steel sheet or strip typically used?
In which form is steel sheet or strip typically used?
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Which element is found in the composition of pig iron?
Which element is found in the composition of pig iron?
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Which shape is designated by the prefix 'S'?
Which shape is designated by the prefix 'S'?
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What is a characteristic of the HP Shape?
What is a characteristic of the HP Shape?
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Which type of steel contains between 0.45-0.85% carbon?
Which type of steel contains between 0.45-0.85% carbon?
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What does the prefix 'M' indicate in steel shapes?
What does the prefix 'M' indicate in steel shapes?
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How are equal angles characterized?
How are equal angles characterized?
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Which type of steel is used to make cutters and reamers?
Which type of steel is used to make cutters and reamers?
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What is true about the C Shape?
What is true about the C Shape?
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What type of steel contains from 0.85-1.80% carbon?
What type of steel contains from 0.85-1.80% carbon?
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What is a feature of the MC Shape in comparison to the C Shape?
What is a feature of the MC Shape in comparison to the C Shape?
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What is the designation for an equal angle in structural terms?
What is the designation for an equal angle in structural terms?
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What characterizes Woven Wire Fabric?
What characterizes Woven Wire Fabric?
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Which type of steel includes a minimum of 12% chromium?
Which type of steel includes a minimum of 12% chromium?
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What is a significant property of Weathering Steel?
What is a significant property of Weathering Steel?
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Which of the following bars has a sectional area of 201.10 mm²?
Which of the following bars has a sectional area of 201.10 mm²?
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What distinguishes Expanded Mesh from other types?
What distinguishes Expanded Mesh from other types?
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Identify the type of bar with a nominal weight of 0.888 kg/m.
Identify the type of bar with a nominal weight of 0.888 kg/m.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of Alloy Steel mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of Alloy Steel mentioned?
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The sectional area for bar designation #8 is approximately what value?
The sectional area for bar designation #8 is approximately what value?
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What does a 'permanent lath' refer to in the context of reinforcing bars?
What does a 'permanent lath' refer to in the context of reinforcing bars?
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Study Notes
Ferrous Metals
- Iron is a malleable, ductile, magnetic, silver-white metallic element used to make pig iron and steel.
- Pig iron is crude iron drawn from blast furnaces, cast into pigs for further processing.
- Cast iron is a hard, brittle, non-malleable iron alloy containing 2-4.5% carbon and 0.5-3% silicon.
- Cast iron is used for building products, piping, fittings, ornamental ironwork, hardware, and miscellaneous castings.
- Wrought iron is a tough, malleable, relatively soft iron containing approximately 0.2% carbon.
- Wrought iron is used for plumbing, heating, air conditioning, ornamental ironwork, pipe, chain, sheet, furniture, railings, fences, grilles, and small decorative objects.
- Steel is an iron-based alloy with less carbon than cast iron and more than wrought iron (less than 2% carbon).
- Mild steel (soft steel) is a low-carbon steel containing 0.15-0.25% carbon.
- Steel sheet/strip is a raw material for various applications.
- Corrugated steel is a rigidized sheet made from low-carbon steel, either galvanized or coated with bituminous material.
- Steel mesh/wire cloth is used in concrete reinforcement, lath for plaster/stucco, cement, fences, and insect screens.
Structural Steel Shapes
- W shape is a hot-rolled structural steel section with an H-shape and wide parallel flanges.
- S shape is a hot-rolled structural steel section with an I-shape and sloped inner flange surfaces.
- HP shape is a hot-rolled structural steel section similar to W shape but with flanges and web of equal thickness.
- M shape is a similar shape to W shape but not classified as a W shape.
- C shape is a hot-rolled structural steel section having a rectangular C shape with sloped inner flange surfaces.
- MC shape is a similar shape to C shape but designated by the prefix "MC".
- Angle is a hot-rolled structural steel section with an L shape and is also called Iron Angle.
- Equal Angle has legs of equal length.
- Unequal Leg Angle has legs of unequal length.
- Double Angle is a structural member consisting of a pair of angles joined back-to-back.
Steel Types
- Medium steel is a medium carbon steel containing from 0.25-0.45% carbon, having strength and ductility.
- Hard steel is a high carbon steel containing from 0.45-0.85% carbon.
- Spring steel is a high-carbon steel containing 0.85-1.80% carbon.
- Cast steel/Carbon tool steel is a carbon steel containing more than 1.50% carbon used to make cutters, reamers, bits, etc.
Metals for Concrete Reinforcement
- Structural Tee is a steel section cut from a W, S, or M Shape and having a T-shape.
- Zee is a rolled metal bar with a Z-shaped cross section and internal right angles.
- Bar is a solid piece of metal, typically square, rectangular, or another simple cross-section.
- Structural Tubing is hollow structural steel in a square, rectangular, or circular cross-section with designated size dimensions and wall thickness.
- Standard Pipe is structural steel pipe with standard weight and wall thickness.
- Deformed bar is a hot-rolled steel bar with surface deformations for improved bond with concrete.
- Reinforcing Bar is typically used with specifying the diameter in inches or millimeters.
Steel Bar Identification Marks
- S, N, R, and W are ASTM designations for different types of reinforcing steel.
- Grade is often noted for identifying the type of steel, such as 50, 60.
- Type Steel is information like billet or rail designation (steel source).
- Letters or symbols denote the specific type of steel or grade.
General Information
- Steel bars are available as plain or deformed sections with varying dimensions and lengths.
- Steel for the billets and rail (intermediate grade) may be rolled by furnaces.
- Steel sizes and grades vary: Structural, Intermediate and Hard (for billet steel).
- Rail steel is only available in one grade.
Philippine Standard Reinforcing Bars
- Welded Wire Fabric is a grid of longitudinal and transverse steel wires or bars welded together at all points of intersection.
- Woven Wire Fabric is a mesh of cold-drawn steel wires, mechanically twisted to form hexagonally shaped openings.
- Expanded Mesh is manufactured from solid steel sheets that can be stamped, perforated, or deformed into an open mesh.
- Lathe is a permanent or self-centering laths that come in flat or segmental sheets.
- Alloy Steel is carbon steel to which various elements are added to achieve specific physical or chemical properties.
- Weathering Steel is a high-strength low alloy steel that forms an oxide layer when exposed to moisture.
- High Strength Low-Alloy Steel contains less than 2% alloying elements, designed for increased strength, ductility, and resistance to corrosion.
- Stainless Steel contains a minimum of 12% chromium, often with nickel or manganese as additional elements, known for high resistance to heat, oxidation, and corrosion.
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Description
Module 1 - Materials of Construcion - Building Technology (Atlas)