4.2. Metal
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Questions and Answers

What is a Structural Tee also known as?

  • Z-bar
  • T-bar (correct)
  • Reinforcing Bar
  • Square Bar
  • Which designation corresponds to the ASTM standard for intermediate grade steel?

  • A706 (correct)
  • A617
  • A616
  • A615
  • What shape does a Zee bar have?

  • Hollow
  • T-shaped
  • Circular
  • Z-shaped (correct)
  • What does a deformed bar improve when used with concrete?

    <p>Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a Standard Pipe designated?

    <p>By the nominal inside diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which grades of steel are often noted for identification?

    <p>50, 60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of structural tubing?

    <p>Hollow structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical diameter range for reinforcing bars?

    <p>6mm to 31mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which steel type is designed for increased strength in pipes?

    <p>Extra-strong and XX-strong pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a type of reinforcing bar?

    <p>Reinforcing Bar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes malleable cast iron from regular cast iron?

    <p>Malleable cast iron has carbon transformed into graphite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of iron is primarily known for its toughness and malleability?

    <p>Wrought Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum carbon content in steel as compared to cast iron?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application is NOT typical for cast iron?

    <p>Welded structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main characteristic of mild steel?

    <p>Soft and low-carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common use for steel mesh?

    <p>Concrete reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does corrugated steel primarily provide?

    <p>Increased rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of cast iron?

    <p>High compressive strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which form is steel sheet or strip typically used?

    <p>Galvanized sheets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is found in the composition of pig iron?

    <p>Silicon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shape is designated by the prefix 'S'?

    <p>S Shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the HP Shape?

    <p>Flanges and web of equal thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of steel contains between 0.45-0.85% carbon?

    <p>Hard Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'M' indicate in steel shapes?

    <p>M Shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are equal angles characterized?

    <p>Legs of equal length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of steel is used to make cutters and reamers?

    <p>Cast Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the C Shape?

    <p>It has a rectangular C shape with sloped inner flange surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of steel contains from 0.85-1.80% carbon?

    <p>Spring Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of the MC Shape in comparison to the C Shape?

    <p>Designated by the prefix 'MC'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the designation for an equal angle in structural terms?

    <p>Angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Woven Wire Fabric?

    <p>A mesh of mechanically twisted cold-drawn steel wires forming hexagonally shaped openings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of steel includes a minimum of 12% chromium?

    <p>Stainless Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant property of Weathering Steel?

    <p>It forms an oxide layer on exposure to moisture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bars has a sectional area of 201.10 mm²?

    <p>#5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Expanded Mesh from other types?

    <p>It is manufactured from solid steel sheets and can be stamped or perforated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the type of bar with a nominal weight of 0.888 kg/m.

    <p>#4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of Alloy Steel mentioned?

    <p>Carbon Fiber Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sectional area for bar designation #8 is approximately what value?

    <p>3.854 mm²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'permanent lath' refer to in the context of reinforcing bars?

    <p>Laths that are self-centering and can be flat or segmental.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ferrous Metals

    • Iron is a malleable, ductile, magnetic, silver-white metallic element used to make pig iron and steel.
    • Pig iron is crude iron drawn from blast furnaces, cast into pigs for further processing.
    • Cast iron is a hard, brittle, non-malleable iron alloy containing 2-4.5% carbon and 0.5-3% silicon.
    • Cast iron is used for building products, piping, fittings, ornamental ironwork, hardware, and miscellaneous castings.
    • Wrought iron is a tough, malleable, relatively soft iron containing approximately 0.2% carbon.
    • Wrought iron is used for plumbing, heating, air conditioning, ornamental ironwork, pipe, chain, sheet, furniture, railings, fences, grilles, and small decorative objects.
    • Steel is an iron-based alloy with less carbon than cast iron and more than wrought iron (less than 2% carbon).
    • Mild steel (soft steel) is a low-carbon steel containing 0.15-0.25% carbon.
    • Steel sheet/strip is a raw material for various applications.
    • Corrugated steel is a rigidized sheet made from low-carbon steel, either galvanized or coated with bituminous material.
    • Steel mesh/wire cloth is used in concrete reinforcement, lath for plaster/stucco, cement, fences, and insect screens.

    Structural Steel Shapes

    • W shape is a hot-rolled structural steel section with an H-shape and wide parallel flanges.
    • S shape is a hot-rolled structural steel section with an I-shape and sloped inner flange surfaces.
    • HP shape is a hot-rolled structural steel section similar to W shape but with flanges and web of equal thickness.
    • M shape is a similar shape to W shape but not classified as a W shape.
    • C shape is a hot-rolled structural steel section having a rectangular C shape with sloped inner flange surfaces.
    • MC shape is a similar shape to C shape but designated by the prefix "MC".
    • Angle is a hot-rolled structural steel section with an L shape and is also called Iron Angle.
    • Equal Angle has legs of equal length.
    • Unequal Leg Angle has legs of unequal length.
    • Double Angle is a structural member consisting of a pair of angles joined back-to-back.

    Steel Types

    • Medium steel is a medium carbon steel containing from 0.25-0.45% carbon, having strength and ductility.
    • Hard steel is a high carbon steel containing from 0.45-0.85% carbon.
    • Spring steel is a high-carbon steel containing 0.85-1.80% carbon.
    • Cast steel/Carbon tool steel is a carbon steel containing more than 1.50% carbon used to make cutters, reamers, bits, etc.

    Metals for Concrete Reinforcement

    • Structural Tee is a steel section cut from a W, S, or M Shape and having a T-shape.
    • Zee is a rolled metal bar with a Z-shaped cross section and internal right angles.
    • Bar is a solid piece of metal, typically square, rectangular, or another simple cross-section.
    • Structural Tubing is hollow structural steel in a square, rectangular, or circular cross-section with designated size dimensions and wall thickness.
    • Standard Pipe is structural steel pipe with standard weight and wall thickness.
    • Deformed bar is a hot-rolled steel bar with surface deformations for improved bond with concrete.
    • Reinforcing Bar is typically used with specifying the diameter in inches or millimeters.

    Steel Bar Identification Marks

    • S, N, R, and W are ASTM designations for different types of reinforcing steel.
    • Grade is often noted for identifying the type of steel, such as 50, 60.
    • Type Steel is information like billet or rail designation (steel source).
    • Letters or symbols denote the specific type of steel or grade.

    General Information

    • Steel bars are available as plain or deformed sections with varying dimensions and lengths.
    • Steel for the billets and rail (intermediate grade) may be rolled by furnaces.
    • Steel sizes and grades vary: Structural, Intermediate and Hard (for billet steel).
    • Rail steel is only available in one grade.

    Philippine Standard Reinforcing Bars

    • Welded Wire Fabric is a grid of longitudinal and transverse steel wires or bars welded together at all points of intersection.
    • Woven Wire Fabric is a mesh of cold-drawn steel wires, mechanically twisted to form hexagonally shaped openings.
    • Expanded Mesh is manufactured from solid steel sheets that can be stamped, perforated, or deformed into an open mesh.
    • Lathe is a permanent or self-centering laths that come in flat or segmental sheets.
    • Alloy Steel is carbon steel to which various elements are added to achieve specific physical or chemical properties.
    • Weathering Steel is a high-strength low alloy steel that forms an oxide layer when exposed to moisture.
    • High Strength Low-Alloy Steel contains less than 2% alloying elements, designed for increased strength, ductility, and resistance to corrosion.
    • Stainless Steel contains a minimum of 12% chromium, often with nickel or manganese as additional elements, known for high resistance to heat, oxidation, and corrosion.

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    Module 1 - Materials of Construcion - Building Technology (Atlas)

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