4.2. Metal

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Questions and Answers

What is a Structural Tee also known as?

Z-bar

T-bar (correct)

Reinforcing Bar

Square Bar

Which designation corresponds to the ASTM standard for intermediate grade steel?

A706 (correct)

A617

A616

A615

What shape does a Zee bar have?

Hollow

T-shaped

Circular

Z-shaped (correct)

What does a deformed bar improve when used with concrete?

Bond Signup and view all the answers

How is a Standard Pipe designated?

By the nominal inside diameter Signup and view all the answers

Which grades of steel are often noted for identification?

50, 60 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of structural tubing?

Hollow structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical diameter range for reinforcing bars?

6mm to 31mm Signup and view all the answers

Which steel type is designed for increased strength in pipes?

Extra-strong and XX-strong pipes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a type of reinforcing bar?

Reinforcing Bar Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes malleable cast iron from regular cast iron?

Malleable cast iron has carbon transformed into graphite. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of iron is primarily known for its toughness and malleability?

Wrought Iron Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum carbon content in steel as compared to cast iron?

2% Signup and view all the answers

Which application is NOT typical for cast iron?

Welded structures Signup and view all the answers

What is a main characteristic of mild steel?

Soft and low-carbon Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common use for steel mesh?

Concrete reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What does corrugated steel primarily provide?

Increased rigidity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of cast iron?

High compressive strength Signup and view all the answers

In which form is steel sheet or strip typically used?

Galvanized sheets Signup and view all the answers

Which element is found in the composition of pig iron?

Silicon Signup and view all the answers

Which shape is designated by the prefix 'S'?

S Shape Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the HP Shape?

Flanges and web of equal thickness Signup and view all the answers

Which type of steel contains between 0.45-0.85% carbon?

Hard Steel Signup and view all the answers

What does the prefix 'M' indicate in steel shapes?

M Shape Signup and view all the answers

How are equal angles characterized?

Legs of equal length Signup and view all the answers

Which type of steel is used to make cutters and reamers?

Cast Steel Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the C Shape?

It has a rectangular C shape with sloped inner flange surfaces. Signup and view all the answers

What type of steel contains from 0.85-1.80% carbon?

Spring Steel Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of the MC Shape in comparison to the C Shape?

Designated by the prefix 'MC' Signup and view all the answers

What is the designation for an equal angle in structural terms?

Angle Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Woven Wire Fabric?

A mesh of mechanically twisted cold-drawn steel wires forming hexagonally shaped openings. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of steel includes a minimum of 12% chromium?

Stainless Steel Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant property of Weathering Steel?

It forms an oxide layer on exposure to moisture. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bars has a sectional area of 201.10 mm²?

#5 Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Expanded Mesh from other types?

It is manufactured from solid steel sheets and can be stamped or perforated. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the type of bar with a nominal weight of 0.888 kg/m.

#4 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of Alloy Steel mentioned?

Carbon Fiber Steel Signup and view all the answers

The sectional area for bar designation #8 is approximately what value?

3.854 mm² Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'permanent lath' refer to in the context of reinforcing bars?

Laths that are self-centering and can be flat or segmental. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ferrous Metals

Iron is a malleable, ductile, magnetic, silver-white metallic element used to make pig iron and steel.
Pig iron is crude iron drawn from blast furnaces, cast into pigs for further processing.
Cast iron is a hard, brittle, non-malleable iron alloy containing 2-4.5% carbon and 0.5-3% silicon.
Cast iron is used for building products, piping, fittings, ornamental ironwork, hardware, and miscellaneous castings.
Wrought iron is a tough, malleable, relatively soft iron containing approximately 0.2% carbon.
Wrought iron is used for plumbing, heating, air conditioning, ornamental ironwork, pipe, chain, sheet, furniture, railings, fences, grilles, and small decorative objects.
Steel is an iron-based alloy with less carbon than cast iron and more than wrought iron (less than 2% carbon).
Mild steel (soft steel) is a low-carbon steel containing 0.15-0.25% carbon.
Steel sheet/strip is a raw material for various applications.
Corrugated steel is a rigidized sheet made from low-carbon steel, either galvanized or coated with bituminous material.
Steel mesh/wire cloth is used in concrete reinforcement, lath for plaster/stucco, cement, fences, and insect screens.

Structural Steel Shapes

W shape is a hot-rolled structural steel section with an H-shape and wide parallel flanges.
S shape is a hot-rolled structural steel section with an I-shape and sloped inner flange surfaces.
HP shape is a hot-rolled structural steel section similar to W shape but with flanges and web of equal thickness.
M shape is a similar shape to W shape but not classified as a W shape.
C shape is a hot-rolled structural steel section having a rectangular C shape with sloped inner flange surfaces.
MC shape is a similar shape to C shape but designated by the prefix "MC".
Angle is a hot-rolled structural steel section with an L shape and is also called Iron Angle.
Equal Angle has legs of equal length.
Unequal Leg Angle has legs of unequal length.
Double Angle is a structural member consisting of a pair of angles joined back-to-back.

Steel Types

Medium steel is a medium carbon steel containing from 0.25-0.45% carbon, having strength and ductility.
Hard steel is a high carbon steel containing from 0.45-0.85% carbon.
Spring steel is a high-carbon steel containing 0.85-1.80% carbon.
Cast steel/Carbon tool steel is a carbon steel containing more than 1.50% carbon used to make cutters, reamers, bits, etc.

Metals for Concrete Reinforcement

Structural Tee is a steel section cut from a W, S, or M Shape and having a T-shape.
Zee is a rolled metal bar with a Z-shaped cross section and internal right angles.
Bar is a solid piece of metal, typically square, rectangular, or another simple cross-section.
Structural Tubing is hollow structural steel in a square, rectangular, or circular cross-section with designated size dimensions and wall thickness.
Standard Pipe is structural steel pipe with standard weight and wall thickness.
Deformed bar is a hot-rolled steel bar with surface deformations for improved bond with concrete.
Reinforcing Bar is typically used with specifying the diameter in inches or millimeters.

Steel Bar Identification Marks

S, N, R, and W are ASTM designations for different types of reinforcing steel.
Grade is often noted for identifying the type of steel, such as 50, 60.
Type Steel is information like billet or rail designation (steel source).
Letters or symbols denote the specific type of steel or grade.

General Information

Steel bars are available as plain or deformed sections with varying dimensions and lengths.
Steel for the billets and rail (intermediate grade) may be rolled by furnaces.
Steel sizes and grades vary: Structural, Intermediate and Hard (for billet steel).
Rail steel is only available in one grade.

Philippine Standard Reinforcing Bars

Welded Wire Fabric is a grid of longitudinal and transverse steel wires or bars welded together at all points of intersection.
Woven Wire Fabric is a mesh of cold-drawn steel wires, mechanically twisted to form hexagonally shaped openings.
Expanded Mesh is manufactured from solid steel sheets that can be stamped, perforated, or deformed into an open mesh.
Lathe is a permanent or self-centering laths that come in flat or segmental sheets.
Alloy Steel is carbon steel to which various elements are added to achieve specific physical or chemical properties.
Weathering Steel is a high-strength low alloy steel that forms an oxide layer when exposed to moisture.
High Strength Low-Alloy Steel contains less than 2% alloying elements, designed for increased strength, ductility, and resistance to corrosion.
Stainless Steel contains a minimum of 12% chromium, often with nickel or manganese as additional elements, known for high resistance to heat, oxidation, and corrosion.

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Module 1 - Materials of Construcion - Building Technology (Atlas)