Female Reproductive System Questions part 2

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Questions and Answers

What hormone initiates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary gland?

  • hCG
  • GnRH (correct)
  • Estrogen
  • Inhibin
  • Progesterone

Which hormone promotes the development of ovarian follicles?

  • LH
  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen
  • FSH (correct)
  • hCG

What hormone triggers ovulation?

  • FSH
  • Estrogen
  • GnRH
  • Progesterone
  • LH (correct)

Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium?

<p>Estrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hCG during early pregnancy?

<p>Maintain the corpus luteum to ensure progesterone production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the functional layer of the endometrium slough off?

<p>Menses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

<p>The functional layer proliferates in response to estrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

<p>Maturation and secretion of uterine glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is at its highest levels during the secretory phase?

<p>Progesterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the LH surge before ovulation?

<p>Increasing levels of estrogen stimulating the hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the onset of puberty in females?

<p>Menarche and increased GnRH levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of inhibin in the female reproductive system?

<p>Inhibit FSH secretion (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical length of the menstrual cycle?

<p>28 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization typically occur?

<p>Ampulla of the uterine tube (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure secretes hCG after implantation?

<p>Trophoblast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can sperm cells remain viable in the female reproductive tract?

<p>6 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the secondary oocyte during fertilization?

<p>It completes meiosis II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first structure to form after the union of sperm and oocyte nuclei?

<p>Zygote (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During pregnancy, which hormone increases most rapidly near the end?

<p>Estrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What produces progesterone during the second trimester of pregnancy?

<p>Placenta (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during an ectopic pregnancy?

<p>Implantation occurs outside the uterine cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes menopause?

<p>Follicles becoming insensitive to LH and FSH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone levels are elevated during menopause?

<p>LH and FSH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with menopause?

<p>Hot flashes and irritability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much does the uterus decrease in size within 15 years after menopause?

<p>50% (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system is involved in the female sexual response?

<p>Both sympathetic and parasympathetic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs during the female sexual response?

<p>Erection of the clitoris and nipple (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows sperm to penetrate the oocyte?

<p>Capacitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone prevents ovulation during pregnancy?

<p>Progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone contributes to the hypertrophy of the endometrium during the luteal phase?

<p>Progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hormone initiating LH/FSH release

GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH.

Ovarian follicle development hormone

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) promotes the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles.

Ovulation trigger

LH (Luteinizing hormone) surge causes ovulation, releasing the egg.

Endometrium thickening hormone

Estrogen thickens the lining of the uterus (endometrium) preparing it for potential pregnancy.

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hCG's early pregnancy function

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) maintains the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone, during early pregnancy.

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Menstrual cycle phase shedding

The menstrual phase (menses) involves the shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium.

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Proliferative phase function

The proliferative phase involves the rebuilding of the uterine lining by estrogen.

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Secretory phase function

The secretory phase involves preparation and secretion of uterine gland to support possible pregnancy.

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Highest hormone in secretory phase

Progesterone levels are at their highest during the secretory phase.

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LH surge trigger

Increasing levels of estrogen (around ovulation) trigger the LH surge by stimulating the hypothalamus to release GnRH.

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Puberty onset marker

Puberty begins with the release of GnRH thus, the onset of menarche and increased GnRH.

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Inhibin's role

Inhibin inhibits the secretion of FSH, a hormone responsible for ovarian follicle maturation.

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Typical menstrual cycle length

A typical menstrual cycle is about 28 days long.

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Fertilization location

Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube.

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hCG producer after implantation

The trophoblast (part of the developing embryo) secretes hCG after implantation to maintain the corpus luteum.

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Sperm viability in tract

Sperm can often remain viable for up to 5 days within the female reproductive tract.

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Secondary oocyte fate

The secondary oocyte completes meiosis II only if fertilized.

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First structure after sperm/oocyte fusion

The zygote is formed when the sperm and egg nuclei fuse.

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Pregnancy progesterone source (2nd Trimester)

The placenta produces progesterone during the second trimester of pregnancy.

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Menopause cause

Menopause arises from follicles becoming less responsive to hormones like LH and FSH, leading to a cessation of ovulation.

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Menopause hormones

LH and FSH levels increase sharply during menopause.

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Menopause symptom

Hot flashes and mood shifts are common experiences during menopause.

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Uterus size change after menopause

The uterus usually shrinks by about half within 15 years of menopause.

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Sexual response nervous system

Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems play key roles in the female sexual response.

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Sexual response physiological change

Increased blood flow to the genitals leads to clitoral erection, vaginal lubrication, and other changes.

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Sperm penetration process

Capacitation, a process of preparing sperm for fertilization, enables them to penetrate the oocyte.

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Ovulation Prevention Hormone (Pregnancy)

Progesterone prevents ovulation during pregnancy, maintaining the uterine lining.

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Endometrium hypertrophy support hormone

Progesterone is essential for hypertrophy of the uterine lining (endometrium) in the luteal phase.

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Study Notes

Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive System

  • GnRH initiates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary gland.
  • FSH promotes the development of ovarian follicles.
  • LH triggers ovulation.
  • Progesterone is responsible for thickening the endometrium.
  • hCG maintains the corpus luteum to ensure progesterone production during early pregnancy.

Menstrual Cycle

  • The functional layer of the endometrium sloughs off during menstruation.
  • The proliferative phase involves the proliferation of the functional layer in response to estrogen.
  • The secretory phase is characterized by the maturation and secretion of uterine glands, stimulated by progesterone.
  • Progesterone is at its highest level during the secretory phase.
  • The LH surge occurs before ovulation, stimulated by increasing estrogen levels.

Female Reproductive Physiology

  • Menarche, the onset of puberty in females, is marked by increased GnRH levels.
  • Inhibin's primary function is inhibiting FSH secretion.
  • The typical menstrual cycle lasts 28 days.

Fertilization and Early Pregnancy

  • Fertilization typically occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube.
  • hCG is secreted by the trophoblast after implantation.

Pregnancy and Hormonal Changes

  • Progesterone increases rapidly during the latter stages of pregnancy.
  • The placenta produces progesterone during the second trimester of pregnancy.

Menopause and Aging

  • Menopause is caused by the follicles becoming insensitive to LH and FSH.
  • Estrogen and FSH are elevated during menopause.
  • Common symptoms of menopause include hot flashes and irritability.
  • The uterus shrinks by approximately 25% within 15 years after menopause.

Female Sexual Response

  • Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are involved in the female sexual response.
  • The physiological changes during the sexual response include clitoral and nipple erection.
  • Sperm penetrates the oocyte through capacitation.

Additional Questions

  • Progesterone prevents ovulation during pregnancy.
  • Progesterone contributes to endometrium hypertrophy during the luteal phase.

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