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Questions and Answers
The ______ produce secondary oocytes and progesterone, oestrogen (female sex hormones), inhibin and relaxin.
The ______ produce secondary oocytes and progesterone, oestrogen (female sex hormones), inhibin and relaxin.
ovaries
The uterine tubes transport a secondary oocyte to the ______ and are normally the site where fertilization occurs.
The uterine tubes transport a secondary oocyte to the ______ and are normally the site where fertilization occurs.
uterus
The ______ is the site of implantation of the fertilized ovum, development of the foetus during pregnancy and labor.
The ______ is the site of implantation of the fertilized ovum, development of the foetus during pregnancy and labor.
uterus
The vagina receives the penis during intercourse and is the passageway for ______.
The vagina receives the penis during intercourse and is the passageway for ______.
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Essential organs of the female reproductive system include the ______, which produce sex cells.
Essential organs of the female reproductive system include the ______, which produce sex cells.
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The ______ are collectively called the vulva.
The ______ are collectively called the vulva.
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Accessory organs of reproduction include ducts or modified ducts, such as the ______, uterus, and vagina.
Accessory organs of reproduction include ducts or modified ducts, such as the ______, uterus, and vagina.
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Sex glands, including those in the ______, are also part of the female reproductive system.
Sex glands, including those in the ______, are also part of the female reproductive system.
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The ______ gland synthesizes, secretes, and ejects milk for nourishing newborns.
The ______ gland synthesizes, secretes, and ejects milk for nourishing newborns.
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Ovaries are ______ glands located in the pelvic cavity.
Ovaries are ______ glands located in the pelvic cavity.
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Ovaries are attached to ligaments in the pelvic cavity on ______ side.
Ovaries are attached to ligaments in the pelvic cavity on ______ side.
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The ______ epithelium covers the surface of the ovary.
The ______ epithelium covers the surface of the ovary.
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The ovarian cortex contains connective tissue with ______ which are composed of oocytes and surrounding cells.
The ovarian cortex contains connective tissue with ______ which are composed of oocytes and surrounding cells.
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The cells surrounding the oocyte nourish it and secrete ______ as the follicle grows.
The cells surrounding the oocyte nourish it and secrete ______ as the follicle grows.
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A mature follicle is also known as a ______ follicle.
A mature follicle is also known as a ______ follicle.
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After ovulation, the remaining follicle becomes a ______ which produces progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin.
After ovulation, the remaining follicle becomes a ______ which produces progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin.
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The formation of gametes in the ovaries is called ______.
The formation of gametes in the ovaries is called ______.
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At puberty, approximately ______ primary oocytes remain in the ovaries.
At puberty, approximately ______ primary oocytes remain in the ovaries.
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The ______ and progesterone are the dominant female sex hormones.
The ______ and progesterone are the dominant female sex hormones.
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During ______, infancy and childhood, sex hormone production is low.
During ______, infancy and childhood, sex hormone production is low.
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At puberty, hormone production ______, triggering sexual maturation.
At puberty, hormone production ______, triggering sexual maturation.
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The sex hormones control the ______ cycle and are produced cyclically from puberty to menopause.
The sex hormones control the ______ cycle and are produced cyclically from puberty to menopause.
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Progesterone converts the oestrogen-primed endometrium to an actively secreting tissue suitable for ______ of an embryo.
Progesterone converts the oestrogen-primed endometrium to an actively secreting tissue suitable for ______ of an embryo.
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The ______ secretes GnRH.
The ______ secretes GnRH.
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The ______ is the termination of the menstrual cycle due to normal aging of the ovaries.
The ______ is the termination of the menstrual cycle due to normal aging of the ovaries.
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The ______ pituitary releases FSH.
The ______ pituitary releases FSH.
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The ______ follicle matures and secretes oestrogen.
The ______ follicle matures and secretes oestrogen.
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The follicular cells become the ______ which secretes progesterone.
The follicular cells become the ______ which secretes progesterone.
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The ______ cycle is controlled by hormones from the ovary.
The ______ cycle is controlled by hormones from the ovary.
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Estrogens promote the growth of the ______.
Estrogens promote the growth of the ______.
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Progesterone supports the ______ for implantation.
Progesterone supports the ______ for implantation.
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The ______ phase of the menstrual cycle follows ovulation.
The ______ phase of the menstrual cycle follows ovulation.
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The ______ is the site of implantation for a fertilized ovum.
The ______ is the site of implantation for a fertilized ovum.
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Oogenesis results in one large fertilized ______ (zygote) and possibly three small polar bodies.
Oogenesis results in one large fertilized ______ (zygote) and possibly three small polar bodies.
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The ______ is a narrow, 4 inch (10cm) tube that extends from the ovary to the uterus.
The ______ is a narrow, 4 inch (10cm) tube that extends from the ovary to the uterus.
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The ______ is the open, funnel-shaped portion of the oviduct near the ovary.
The ______ is the open, funnel-shaped portion of the oviduct near the ovary.
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The ______ are moving finger-like processes in the oviduct.
The ______ are moving finger-like processes in the oviduct.
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The ______ is the central region of the oviduct.
The ______ is the central region of the oviduct.
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The ______ is the narrowest portion of the oviduct that joins the uterus.
The ______ is the narrowest portion of the oviduct that joins the uterus.
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The ______ is responsible for maintaining the fetus during development and expelling the fetus at the end of pregnancy.
The ______ is responsible for maintaining the fetus during development and expelling the fetus at the end of pregnancy.
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The ______ is the dome-shaped area above the uterine tubes.
The ______ is the dome-shaped area above the uterine tubes.
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The ______ is the tapering central portion of the uterus.
The ______ is the tapering central portion of the uterus.
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The ______ is the narrow opening into the vagina.
The ______ is the narrow opening into the vagina.
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The ______ is a fibrous muscular canal lined with mucous membrane that extends from the exterior to the cervix.
The ______ is a fibrous muscular canal lined with mucous membrane that extends from the exterior to the cervix.
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The ______ is a recess that surrounds the cervix.
The ______ is a recess that surrounds the cervix.
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The ______ is the collective term for the female external genitalia.
The ______ is the collective term for the female external genitalia.
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The ______ is an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and pubic hair located anterior to the vaginal and urethral opening.
The ______ is an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and pubic hair located anterior to the vaginal and urethral opening.
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The ______ and ______ are skin folds that surround the vaginal and urethral openings.
The ______ and ______ are skin folds that surround the vaginal and urethral openings.
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The ______ is a small erotic structure located at the anterior end of the folds of the labia minora.
The ______ is a small erotic structure located at the anterior end of the folds of the labia minora.
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The ______ are modified sudoriferous glands.
The ______ are modified sudoriferous glands.
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The ______ is the pigmented projection with openings on the breast.
The ______ is the pigmented projection with openings on the breast.
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The ______ surrounds the nipple.
The ______ surrounds the nipple.
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Internally, the ______ consist of 15-20 lobes, which are further divided into lobules, and ultimately alveoli, which are the milk-secreting glands.
Internally, the ______ consist of 15-20 lobes, which are further divided into lobules, and ultimately alveoli, which are the milk-secreting glands.
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The ______ suspend the breast from the deep fascia of the pectoral muscles.
The ______ suspend the breast from the deep fascia of the pectoral muscles.
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The mammary gland functions in the ______, ______, and ______ of milk.
The mammary gland functions in the ______, ______, and ______ of milk.
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______ is the term for the functions associated with pregnancy and childbirth related to milk production.
______ is the term for the functions associated with pregnancy and childbirth related to milk production.
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Flashcards
Ovaries
Ovaries
Gonads producing sex cells (ova) and hormones.
Uterine Tubes
Uterine Tubes
Ducts transporting secondary oocytes to uterus; site of fertilization.
Uterus
Uterus
Site for implantation of fertilized ovum and fetal development.
Vagina
Vagina
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Secondary Oocytes
Secondary Oocytes
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Female Sex Hormones
Female Sex Hormones
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Inhibin
Inhibin
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Relaxin
Relaxin
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Oogenesis
Oogenesis
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Oviducts
Oviducts
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Infundibulum
Infundibulum
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Fimbriae
Fimbriae
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Cervix
Cervix
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Vulva
Vulva
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Mammary Glands
Mammary Glands
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Lactation
Lactation
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GnRH
GnRH
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Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Cycle
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Menarche
Menarche
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Menopause
Menopause
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Corpus Luteum
Corpus Luteum
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Oestrogen
Oestrogen
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Progesterone
Progesterone
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Hormonal surge at puberty
Hormonal surge at puberty
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Effects of Progesterone
Effects of Progesterone
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Role of Androgens in Women
Role of Androgens in Women
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Mammary Gland Function
Mammary Gland Function
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Ovaries Location
Ovaries Location
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Germinal Epithelium
Germinal Epithelium
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Tunica Albuginea
Tunica Albuginea
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Ovarian Cortex
Ovarian Cortex
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Follicle
Follicle
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Graafian Follicle
Graafian Follicle
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Polar Body
Polar Body
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Uterine Cycle
Uterine Cycle
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Hormones from Ovaries
Hormones from Ovaries
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LH Surge
LH Surge
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Study Notes
MPharm Programme: Reproductive System 3 & 4
- Course code: PHA115
- Lecturer: Dr Praveen Bhugra
Learning Objectives
- Students should understand and describe the female reproductive system, including organs, structure, location, and function of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva.
- Students should understand and explain the female reproductive physiology, including ovulation, hormones, changes during puberty, and menstruation.
- Students should understand and explain the sex glands, including those in the breasts.
Female Reproductive System
- Essential organs: Ovaries, which produce ova.
- Accessory organs: Oviducts (fallopian tubes or oviducts), uterus, vagina, and vulva, plus sex glands (breasts).
Ovaries
- Structure and location: Paired glands, approximately 3g each, resembling large almonds, attached to ligaments in the pelvic cavity on each side of the uterus.
- Histological structure: Germinal epithelium covers the surface; tunica albuginea is an irregular connective tissue; ovarian cortex contains follicles surrounded by connective tissue; a follicle consists of an oocyte and surrounding cells; mature follicle (Graafian follicle) is ready to release a secondary oocyte; post-ovulation, the follicle becomes the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin.
Oogenesis
- The formation of gametes in the ovaries.
- Millions of oogonia are produced in the fetus by mitosis, but most degenerate (atresia).
- Some develop into primary oocytes during fetal development.
- At birth, 200,000 to 2 million primary oocytes are present.
- At puberty, 40,000 remain, and only 400 mature during a woman's reproductive life.
- Monthly, about 20 primary oocytes become secondary oocytes, but only one usually survives ovulation from a Graafian follicle.
Oviducts (Uterine or Fallopian Tubes)
- Narrow tubes (10cm/4 inches) extending from the ovary to the uterus.
- Infundibulum: Funnel-shaped portion near the ovary with fimbriae (finger-like processes) to sweep the secondary oocyte into the tube.
- Ampulla: Central tube region.
- Isthmus: Narrowest portion joining the uterus.
- Oocyte movement is aided by cilia lining the wall.
- Zygote reaches the uterus in about 7 days.
Uterus
- Responsible for maintaining the fetus during development and expelling it at the end of pregnancy.
- The site of menstruation.
- 3 inches long by 2 inches wide and 1 inch thick.
- Subdivided into fundus, body, and cervix.
- Interior contains the uterine cavity accessed by the cervical canal.
- Site of sperm pathway and implantation.
- Fundus is a dome-shaped area above fallopian tubes.
- Body is the tapering central portion.
- Cervix is narrow opening into vagina.
Vagina
- Extends from the exterior to the cervix.
- 10 cm (4 inches) long, fibrous muscular canal lined with mucous membrane.
- Serves as a pathway for sperm and a passageway for delivery of a baby from the uterus.
- Outlet for menstrual flow.
- Fornix: Recess surrounds the cervix.
- Acid environment prevents bacterial growth.
- Smooth muscular layer adjusts for intercourse or birth.
- Hymen: Thin membrane fold that may cover the vaginal orifice.
Vulva (Pudendum)
- Collective term for external female genitalia.
- Mons pubis: Elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and pubic hair, anterior to vaginal and urethral openings.
- Labia minora and majora: Skin folds surrounding vaginal and urethral openings.
- Clitoris: Small erotic structure at the anterior end of labia minora folds.
Mammary Glands
- Modified sudoriferous glands.
- Nipple: Pigmented projection with openings.
- Areola: Surrounds the nipple.
- Internally: 15-20 lobes; lobules; alveoli (milk-secreting glands).
- Suspensory (Cooper's) ligaments suspend the breast from deep fascia of pectoral muscles.
- Mature at puberty.
Physiology of the Breast
- Synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk (lactation).
- Oestrogens develop duct systems.
- Progesterone develops milk-secreting alveoli.
- Prolactin stimulates milk synthesis in the alveoli.
- Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection from alveoli.
Female Sex Hormones
- Dominant hormones: Oestrogen and progesterone.
- Produced by ovaries: During fetal development, infancy, and childhood, sex hormone production is low.
- Puberty triggers hormone production surges and secondary sex characteristics.
- Puberty to menopause: Sex hormones control the menstrual cycle and produced cyclically.
- Pregnancy: Hormones are produced at higher levels by the placenta, and inhibit ovulation.
- Androgens are produced in small amounts by ovaries and adrenals, and play important functions in women.
Other Effects of Oestrogen and Progesterone
- Provide details about the effects of oestrogen and progesterone on various parts of the female reproductive system.
Female Reproductive System: Hormones
- Hypothalamus secretes GnRH, stimulating the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH.
- Ovaries produce oestrogen and progesterone to respond to FSH and LH.
Female Reproductive System: Reproductive Cycle
- Menstrual cycle: Results in monthly uterine bleeding from regular changes in the uterine lining.
- Menarche: First menstrual period.
- Menopause: Cycle termination due to normal ovary aging.
Overview of the Menstrual Cycle
- Detailed description of the menstrual cycle phases like follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases, including the relevant hormones.
Further Reading
- Provides a list of recommended textbooks for further study on the topic.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential organs and accessory structures of the female reproductive system. Test your knowledge on the functions of various glands, the process of fertilization, and the anatomy involved in reproduction. Great for students learning about human biology and anatomy.
