Female Internal Reproductive System

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the ovaries?

Regulate the menstrual cycle solely

Produce estrogen and progesterone only

Produce egg cells and sex hormones (correct)

Store eggs until maturity

At what stage of life does a female begin to mature one egg every 28 days?

During infancy

At birth

In early adulthood

At puberty (correct)

What happens to an ovum if it is not fertilized within 1-2 days?

It moves to the uterus irrespective of fertilization

It dies (correct)

It is absorbed by the ovaries

It starts to mature again

Which part of the fallopian tube is primarily responsible for the process of fertilization?

Ampulla Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of an ovum if it is not fertilized?

1-2 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cilia in the fallopian tubes?

Propel the ovum towards the uterus Signup and view all the answers

What hormonal changes occur in the fallopian tubes to support the journey of the ovum?

Estrogen and progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the fallopian tube can be cut during a tubal ligation?

Isthmus Signup and view all the answers

At what embryonic day does the cardiovascular system begin to form?

16th day Signup and view all the answers

What structure allows oxygenated blood to bypass the fetal liver?

Ductus venosus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of surfactant in fetal lungs?

Prevents alveolar collapse Signup and view all the answers

When can the fetal heartbeat first be detected?

12th week Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood flows from the right side of the fetal heart to the left side?

Oxygenated blood Signup and view all the answers

During what weeks do alveoli and capillaries begin to form?

24th to 28th weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway for blood entering the fetus through the umbilical vein?

Passes through the inferior vena cava via ductus venosus Signup and view all the answers

What fetal structure shunts blood to the lungs and allows flow to the descending aorta?

Ductus arteriosus Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of infants with only one vein and one artery are likely to have congenital anomalies?

15% Signup and view all the answers

Which membrane is the outermost fetal membrane and provides protection to the amniotic sac?

Chorionic membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT provided by amniotic fluid?

Regulates blood pressure of the mother Signup and view all the answers

What is a condition characterized by excessive amniotic fluid and its potential causes?

Polyhydramnios; caused by congenital anomalies Signup and view all the answers

What does the amniotic membrane produce to trigger labor?

Prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from a reduction of fetal kidney function?

Oligohydramnios Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of amniotic fluid?

Absorbed only by the fetus Signup and view all the answers

At what stage are zygote cells referred to as totipotent?

On the 4th day of life Signup and view all the answers

How does the fetal urine contribute to the amniotic fluid?

Increases the overall volume Signup and view all the answers

Which germ layer is associated with the development of heart and kidney malformations?

Mesoderm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of amniotic fluid drainage?

Constantly replacing through absorption by the placenta Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the growth direction of the zygote?

Cephalocaudal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding maternal-fetal blood exchange?

Nutrients and oxygen diffuse selectively through the chorionic villi. Signup and view all the answers

Which congenital defect is associated with exposure to Rubella infection during pregnancy?

Congenital heart disease Signup and view all the answers

At what week are all organ systems formed in a rudimentary form?

8th week Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of primary germ layers in organ development?

They are the origins of the development of body systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of measuring Maternal Serum Alpha FetoProtein (MSAFP)?

To evaluate for chromosomal defects Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational weeks is Amniocentesis typically performed for testing fetal maturity?

14th and 16th weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which complication can be diagnosed using ultrasound?

Ectopic pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What does the GTPAL system acronym stand for in obstetrics?

Gravida, Term, Preterm, Abortion, Living Signup and view all the answers

What can an elevated level of fibronectin indicate during pregnancy?

Preterm labor Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is correctly associated with high Alpha FetoProtein (AFP) levels?

Open spinal defect Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible disadvantage of performing an amniocentesis?

Puncture of the fetus Signup and view all the answers

What can be detected via ultrasound at the earliest stage of pregnancy?

Pregnancy confirmation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hymen and Female Internal Reproductive System

Hymen is a fragile tissue covering the vaginal opening in childhood, prone to damage without sexual intercourse.
Ovaries are responsible for producing eggs and sex hormones; females are born with approximately 2 million eggs, of which 300-400 will mature during their lifetime.
Monthly, one immature egg matures and is released into the fallopian tubes during puberty, taking 3-4 days to reach the uterus.

Fallopian Tubes

Cilia in the fallopian tubes help sweep the ovum towards the uterus, which is about 10 cm long.
The ampulla, the longest section of the tube, is where fertilization occurs in its outer third.
If the ovum is not fertilized within 1-2 days, it will die.

Amniotic Membranes

Chorionic membrane forms from the trophoblast and serves to protect the amniotic fluid sac.
Amniotic membrane (amnion) is underneath the chorion, protects the fetus, produces amniotic fluid, and prostaglandins that trigger labor.

Amniotic Fluid

Constantly produced and absorbed, amniotic fluid quantity at term ranges from 800-1200 ml.
Functions include protecting the fetus from external pressure, temperature regulation, promoting fetal movement, and safeguarding the umbilical cord.
Polyhydramnios refers to excessive amniotic fluid (over 2000 ml); oligohydramnios refers to insufficient fluid (under 300 ml).

Origin and Development of Organ Systems

Zygotes start as totipotent stem cells, becoming multipotent as differentiation occurs to form body parts.
Development follows a cephalocaudal pattern; primary germ layers include ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, each giving rise to specific structures.

Placental Circulation

Maternal blood collects around chorionic villi on the 12th day of pregnancy, allowing nutrient and oxygen exchange through selective osmosis, not direct blood exchange.

Fetal Circulation

The cardiovascular system develops early, with the heart forming on the 16th day and beating by the 24th day.
Blood flows from the placenta to the fetus via the umbilical vein and circulates through specific structures to ensure oxygen delivery and CO2 removal.

Fetal Respiratory System

Alveoli and capillaries begin to form between the 24th and 28th weeks of pregnancy, enabling gas exchange post-birth.
Surfactant, crucial for preventing alveolar collapse, is produced by the 24th week.

Diagnostic Procedures

Maternal Serum Alpha FetoProtein (MSAFP) levels indicate potential fetal abnormalities; high levels suggest defects, while low levels may indicate chromosomal disorders.
Chorionic Villi Sampling and amniocentesis are procedures performed for genetic analysis and fetal maturity assessment, each with associated risks.

Ultrasound/Ultrasonography

Used to confirm pregnancy and assess fetal growth, sex, anomalies, and placental position as early as 6 weeks.
Can diagnose complications like hydramnios, ectopic pregnancy, and genetic disorders.

GTPAL

GTPAL (Gravida, Term births, Preterm births, Abortions, Living children) classification helps track pregnancy history and outcomes; the specific case provided indicates the mother's GTPAL status as 5-1-2-0-3.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of the female internal reproductive system, including its structures and functions. This quiz covers key components such as the hymen and ovaries, along with the role they play in reproduction and hormone production. Understand how each part contributes to female health and fertility.